有谁知道日本组合perfume的资料

中文解释：香水

也是日本一个很红的电子音组合，以下是资料：

Perfume

〖电音香水 / パフューム〗 Perfume是日本的女生电音三人组合，成立于2000年，全员都来自广岛县，附属唱片公司是德间 Japan Communications，所属事务所是アミューズ（Amuse）。她们音乐的风格为电子流行乐（Techno-Pop）。Perfume以中田康孝所创造的独特的电音展现出“时而轻快可爱，时而振奋有力”的歌声，而且她们在舞蹈上配合默契，共同在娱乐节目中展开幽默的性格与谈话等，受到广大不同年龄阶层的歌迷的欢迎，被称为『近未来型电子合成音乐组合』，目前现在在日本是相当走红、无人可挡的组合。

Nocchi # 大本彩乃

姓名：大本 彩乃（おおもと あやの，Oomoto Ayano）

爱称：Nocchi 「のっち」

出生日期：1988.9.20

出生地：广岛县·福山市

学历：堀越高等学校（目前大学就读，跟有香同校）

身高：163cm

血型：A

发型：队中唯一的短发女生

偶像：SPEED

兴趣：看漫画 把肚子吃得满满的 听音乐 品尝咖喱饭

特长：把卷心菜什么的蔬菜类都切成细丝

能全部说出数学单位（1到无限大）和必须的氨基酸

来历：

2001年Perfume（当时叫「ぱふゅーむ」）最初期的成员离开后，西脇（A~chan）经过与西脇的家长，樫野有香（kashiyuka）的家长，再加上广岛演艺学校的老师们共同协商后决定让大本彩乃加入Perfume。当时大本附属于校内的别的团体「Happy Baby」，被称为『学校头号歌手』。西脇与大本很早以前就认识，所以协商也比较顺利；在学校电梯里西脇问“要不要加入Perfume？”大本高兴地跳起来拍起手来痛快地答应了。

详细请看 大本彩乃

Kashiyuka # 樫野有香

姓名：樫野 有香（かしの ゆか，Kashino Yuka）

爱称：Kashiyuka「かしゆか」

出生日期：1988.12.23

出身地：广岛县·广岛市

学历：堀越高等学校（目前大学就读，跟彩乃同校）

身高：161cm

血型：A

发型：卷长发。08年2月之后改变成直板的BOBO长发

偶像：SPEED

兴趣：头发护理，闪闪发光的饰物，听音乐 看书 散步 睡觉 吃冰激凌 照相（拍景物）

特长：短信回复

家庭：有个哥哥，曾经她和哥哥一起来考广岛演艺学校

来历：小时候搬家很频繁，5岁到7岁住在北海道，也在大阪住过。与西脇在参加广岛演技学校的考场上相识，和西脇一起相处的时间最长。反而大本加入Perfume后她才相识大本，之前她们一点都没有过接触。

详细请看 樫野有香

A~chan # 西脇绫香

A~chan(2010)姓名：西脇绫香（にしわき あやか，Nishiwaki Ayaka）

爱称：A~chan「あ～ちゃん」

出生日期：1989.2.15

出身地：广岛县·广岛市

学历：堀越高等学校（同样现在也是大学生。不过不和其他成员同校），现就读于东京都一所大学的経済学系

身高：160cm

血型：A

发型：烫(长)发。

偶像：SPEED

兴趣：插花 比赛 收集闪闪发光的东西，睫毛膏和粉红色的睡衣

特长：健康发烧友

家庭：父母、弟弟和妹妹各一位，她妹妹是9nine组合的成员；西脇彩华，父亲目前在大阪独自打拼。

来历：小学四年级便认识樫野有香，和大本彩乃也很早前就认识。

详细请看 西脇绫香

[编辑本段]

Perfume履历

#组合成立：

perfume有香水的意思，2000年春，作为由新广岛TV运营的广岛演员学校 (ASH)的第1期新生的西脇绫香 / 樫野有香 / 河岛佑香自发地组成了学校内组合ぱふゅーむ。在组合刚成立的时候，因为成员三人的名字都有“香”字。开始的时候是用ぱふゅ→む作为组合名写法，这个效仿了「畅销的小组名笔画数13画」城市传说。成员们憧憬的组合SPEED是13画的，西胁也有谈过「与SPEED相似，要了13画」事。 组合成立不久后，河岛脱队。 河岛之后通过Risky，以Yuka 名义作solo活动。2001年夏，大本彩乃加入（详情请看上述的大本彩乃的来历），构成现在的成员。

2003年春天开始，进入了Amuse事务所后就从把组合名改为现在拉丁字母perfume。只是，后来加入的大本彩乃也就没有“香”字的故事，现在小组名的来历是由于「因为香味能使人的心情温和起来，能让心情快乐，注入我们也想成为那样的人的心情（就想让别人快乐起来），用了英语意味香水的Perfume这个小组名」。这是西脇说的。

#经历de三个时期：

1. 广岛当地偶像时期2000年春~2002年3月（曲风是典型的偶像歌谣）

2. 独立制作时期2003年春~2005年8月（中田康孝接手后，曲风转换成电子合成音乐路线~这个时期所有的曲都由木の子作词）

3. 成长时期2005年9月~至今（一改以前鲜艳装束，PV以黑色基调为主，自称近未来型电子合成音乐组合）

#次世代电音年表：

Perfume的每一个成员都差不多20岁刚刚成人，但是perfume这个组合已经成立9年了（2009年现在），她们很年轻，但是组合活动的历史是很长的。看一看她们历史的足迹吧。

2000年

·Perfume当初以『ぱふゅーむ』的名义成立

2001年

·大本彩乃加入Perfume，详情在大本彩乃的介绍中

2002年

·限定只在广岛发行「OMAJINAI☆ペロリ」と「彼氏募集中」

2003年

·她们的活动转到东京，作曲由capsule的中田康孝接手

2004年

·虽然在这一年出售了三张单曲。不过此时是Perfume最艰难的时期，通常在街头参加演出，也为了让世人认识Perfume，她们亲自去街上发Perfume的宣传单，在这时期她们相当朴实地艰苦地持续着组合活动。

2005年

·在她们没有完全出名时唱片公司让Perfume正式出道，同时也出售出道后的第一张单曲『リニアモーターガール（直线电动女孩）』，但仍然没被世人所认知，她们还持续着街头演唱活动以及分发宣传单的日子

2006年

·1月，她们正式出道后出售第二张单曲『コンピューターシティ（电脑城市）』，这首曲子首次由中田ヤスタカ来为Perfume作词，以后Perfume的所有曲子的作曲作词都由中田ヤスタカ来承包。

·8月2号，出售最佳专辑『Perfume?Complete Best?』

·12月，在网上发布她们的最新PV『Twinkle Snow Powdery Snow』，视频点击率持续了几周的最高纪录。同时歌迷们也在网络视频上发布了许多Perfume过去的PV，引起人们很大的关注，同时perfume的知名度也开始提升。

2007年

·3月，歌手木村カエラ看中了Perfume的曲子，在她自己的收音机节目『OH! MY RADIO』中长达四个星期连续使用Perfume的曲子来当该节目的主题曲。因此Perfume的知名度一下子就提高了起来。

·7月1号，Perfume的曲子『ポリリズム』，在NHK环保宣传广告中使用，广告的反响很大，Perfume的名字渐渐被全国的人们认知

·9月12号，出售新单曲『ポリリズム』，最高获得日本公信榜第七名

·12月31号，在Zepp Tokyo举行新年倒数演唱会，这个企划是11月中旬决定的，所以公布的很突然。但是在当天入场观众为约为2700人，客人几乎占满了所有观众席。

2008年

·1月11号，出售新单曲『Baby cruising Love/マカロニ』在日本公信榜（oricon）单曲销量部门获得第三名

·2月14号，在网络建立Perfume的粉丝俱乐部『P.T.A（Perfume TO ANATA）【Perfume与你】』。Perfume的成员也亲自加入了这个俱乐部，会员的第一号是A~chan，二号是Nocchi，三号是kashiyuka

·4月16号，出售第一张专辑『GAME』，此专辑刚出售的那一周就在日本公信榜专辑销量部门获得第一名

·4月27号～6月1号，举行全国巡回演唱会『エスキモー pino presents Perfume First Tour「GAME」』在10个会场举行了11次公演

·7月9号，出售单曲『Love the World』，此张单曲在日本公信榜单曲销量部门获得第一，这是身为电音组合在史上第一次获得公信榜销量单曲部门第一名的荣誉。

·8月2号，在『rockin'on presents ROCK IN JAPAN FESTIVAL 2008』的第二天，这一天有Perfume演唱，但是就在这一天歌迷在开演前就爆满，1万人的位子都不够坐，所以进行了严格的入场限制。

·8月9号，在东京出演『SUMMER SONIC 08』

·8月10号，在大阪出演『SUMMER SONIC 08』

·10月15号，出售演唱会DVD『Perfume First Tour 《GAME》』，这张DVD在日本公信榜DVD销量部门荣获第一名。此时此刻Perfume在2008年这一年里单曲，专辑，DVD，这三大销量部门都获得第一。

·11月6号～7号，这两天Perfume在日本武道馆举行『Perfume Live in BUDOUKaaaaaaaaaaN!!!!!』

·11月19号，出售第八张单曲『Dream Fighter』，在日本公信榜获得第二名。此时此刻Perfume在2008年出售的所有单曲及专辑都列入过公信榜销量部门的前三名.

·12月1号，Perfume的专辑『GAME』荣获日本第50回音像大奖的『优秀专辑部门』

·12月17号，出售Perfume第一张写真集『Perfume Portfolio』，介绍请看下面写真集那一栏

·12月28号.29号，在东京和大阪出演『rockin'on presents COUNTDOWN JAPAN 08/09』

·12月31号，参加日本第59回红白歌会

2009年

·3月25号，出售单曲『ワンルーム·ディスコ』，荣获日本公信榜单曲部门第一周第一名

·4月5号，开始和関根麻里一起担任NHK音乐节目『MUSIC JAPAN』的MC

·4月11号，开始Perfume的新节目『Perfumeのシャンデリアハウス』

·4月22号，出售DVD『Perfume[BUDOUKaaaaaaaaaaaN!!!!!]』，这张在日本公信榜DVD部门销量荣获第一。

·5月9号～10号，Perfume在国立代々木竞技场第一体育馆举行了两天的演唱会

·7月8号，Perfume出售专辑『⊿[1]』，销售第一周销量21万张，获得公信榜周榜第一

·8月7号到10月30号这期间，将要展开全国巡回演唱会『直角二等辺三角形TOUR』，在全国各地11个场所举行19次公演。

·12月17号，销售收录了8月7号开始的全国演唱会『直角二等辺三角形TOUR』的情况的写真集『Perfume Livefolio』，详细在下面写真集那一栏

·12月31号，Perfume出演第二次年底大型节目『第60回红白歌会』

2010年

·1月13号，销售收录『Perfume Second Tour 2009 直角二等辺三角形TOUR』的DVD。这张在日本公信榜DVD部门销量荣获第一。

·3月7号～4月3号，将在全国10个场所举行12次公演首次的仅限为粉丝俱乐部而开的演唱会『P.T.A. presents Perfume 结成10周年!!!![パッと楽しく游ぼうの会]ライブハウストゥワー』

·4月14号，Perfume将销售2010年第一张单曲，歌名为『不自然なガール/ナチュラルに恋して』。此单曲虽说没能获得公信榜周榜第一名，但第一周销量8.1万的数量超越了她们自身的最高纪录[2]。

·8月11号，将要销售2010年第二张单曲。曲名未定。

·11月3号，将在东京巨蛋举行演唱会

我见得多的是淡兰色和淡粉色的

种类分三种

一是香油PERFUME

二是浓香水EAU

DE

PERFUME

三是淡香水EAU

DE

TOILLETE

Chanel

No.5留香时间很长的

因为它是少见的乙醛花香调,格拉斯的珍贵茉莉和玫瑰使它留香一般在三天左右.

或许是喷涂的多了一点

香水忌讳喷的很浓,伤皮肤,伤衣服,也伤嗅觉,若有若无为最好,再说Chanel

No.5是很女人的香水

不是适合每个人的,名气虽大,选择也要慎重.

q香是指一种品牌的香型试管装或微缩版香水，也就是小样或者试用。一般正装香水是30ml，50ml等，而Q香一般只有4ml、7ml、15ml。香型和大号香瓶的香型差别不大，实际上是原香水的缩小版。

q香是一种非常小的玻璃管，里面装的都是原装的香水，一般是1-2ML。到国外一般都是免费派送或者买一大瓶香水赠送。

香水的英文“Perfume”源自于拉丁文“Parfumare”，意思是“穿透烟雾”。

早在公元前1500年，埃及艳后克娄巴特拉七世就已经开始用15种不同气味的香水洗澡了。在她的时代，在公共场所不涂香水是违法的。

但欧洲香水业的第一步实际上是从16世纪开始迈出的，那时的凯瑟琳·德梅迪茜从意大利来到巴黎，将要和法国国王结婚，凭借着自己的高贵身份，她把香水变成了巴黎城中的时髦物品，突然所有人都钟情于用洒香水的皮革来做手套。

当时人们认为香水是格拉斯的最好，这个法国城市也因香水贸易而繁荣起来，并且适时的发展出了它的香水工业，成为了香水之都。

17世纪，路易十四时代是法国香水与香料产业的巅峰期，这个时代的巴黎设施非常落后，没有上下水道的设施，人们也没有沐浴的习惯，而庭院的角落通常就是方便的场所，贵妇也用香水来掩盖身上的气味。

到了18世纪，移居德国科隆的意大利人法理那，他所制造的“科隆之水”（古龙水）一时席卷了整个欧洲，彻底改变了人们的生活。

EDP在香水里是指淡香精或者香水的意思,另外还有EDT,是淡香水的意思.一般来说,香水的包装上不会直接写EDP的字样,而会写Eau de Perfume,所谓EDP是Eau de Perfume的简称,香水的包装和标签上是不会用简写的.你看一下你的香水包装上是不是有Eau de Perfume这样的英文,如果没有,只有一个EP的话,就有问题了!

Chanel NO.5 Perfume , To make the number 5 be a magic number in the Perfume Circle! It represents a beautiful legend. Chanel No.5 is the first bottle of Chanel perfume series.Launched in 1921, CHANEL No.5 was the first synthesis of floral perfumes, and its inspiration was from the bouquet with blend of luxury and elegance.It show the female brave and bold. At the same time, Chanel No.5 is the most classic of Chanel perfume, which is a feminine with the modern field of vision, the one and only classic fragrance.

Style: Acetaldehyde Floral

First taste: Glass orange flower, acetaldehyde, perfume tree flower

Second taste: Glass jasmine, roses in May

Last taste: located in Mysore sandalwood, Bourbon Vetiver

This perfume packaging is very simple, rectangular parallelepiped with clean lines of the perfume bottle, Chanel No.5 black words appear on a white background.

From Marilyn Monro the famous pajamas - Chanel No.5 since birth, Chanel perfume has always been to the noble and elegant image win support among the people. In 1956, also became the Metropolitan Museum in New York. Until today, Chanel No.5 still holds the world sales champion.

香水是很多女性都喜欢的，香水的品牌有很多，香奈儿5号香水尤为出名，通过英文广告词的宣传，可以让人们了解这款香水。

香奈儿5号香水英文广告词(优秀篇)

YOUNG MAN:

When did I wake--

into this dream,

I must have been the only person in the world--

who didn't know who she was.

[IN THE NEWS: When the disappearance of the world's most famous...]

All my world would never be (the) same again--

(☆SHE: Drive!)

when she came into my life.

☆SHE:

It's beautiful up here. Everything seems so peaceful.

■YOUNG MAN:

Who are you?

☆SHE:

I am a dancer. (■YOUNG MAN laughs.)

I love to dance.

■YOUNG MAN:

It didn't matter.

I knew who she was--

to me.

(whispering) Come away with me.

☆SHE:

I love you.

※OLD MAN:

You must be there tomorrow.

☆SHE: I don't care about tomorrow.

■YOUNG MAN:

It's the right thing to do.

☆SHE (in a low voice):

No one can have our dream, no one.

Goodbye.

■YOUNG MAN:

And then, she was gone.

Has she forgotten?

I know, I will not.

Her kiss.

Her smile.

Her perfume.

香水英文广告词(精选篇)

This will be the perfect perfume. To the wonderful body of the girl's fragrance as the base, the budding fragrance as the backbone, he will use this bottle of perfume, their beauty forever collection ... In the complex urban jungle, in order to achieve the ideal, each male Have lost, searching, epiphany, until the emergence of starwalked. (Marlboro starwalked perfume)

This is a symbol of pure perfume. Smell fresh. Caused by the lemon before the tune, successfully attracted your sense of smell, followed by a very rich level of fragrance fragrance people can not helpintoxicated them. (Ji snow kenzo I love the pure water)

From the United Kingdom, hugo latest fragrance dedicated to a woman.Just gently squeeze, will be able to let you instantly have a unique dancing charm. (Hugo boss pure purple purple perfume)

She has an infinite appeal, shining dazzling brilliance, the real elegant taste.(Elizabeth Arden summer green tea perfume)

Yellow has always been a noble, status symbol. Atmospheric, masculine crystal bottle like a male generous and secure chest. Full of masculine fragrance, people obsessed with his taste. (Cd dior men's fragrance)

香水英文广告词(简短篇)

1、if its out there只要存在，

dior will find it.迪奥就将找到它。

2、dior --jadore dior

gold is cold(此时，黄金显得冰冷)，

damends are dead(钻石缺乏了生机)，

a limousine is a car(豪华轿车也不够吸引)

dont pretend(不要造作)，

feel whats real(感受真实的奢华)，

cest ca que jadore(唯有，迪奥真我香水)。

Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils and aroma compounds, fixatives, and solvents used to give the human body, objects, and living spaces a pleasant smell. The amount and type of solvent mix with the fragrance oil dictates whether a perfume is considered a perfume extract, Eau de parfum, Eau de toilette, or Eau de Cologne.

It is impossible to describe a perfume according to its components because the formulas are kept secret. Even if the formulas are known, the ingredients are often too numerous to provide a useful classification. Cognoscenti can, however, generally get a handle on the principal ingredients. On the other hand, it is possible to group perfumes into olfactive families and describe them through the notes that appear as they slowly evaporate. Perfumes can also be classified according to their concentration. [1][2] [3]

[edit] Olfactive families

Fragrances can be classified into several olfactive families, by the themes, or accords, of these fragrances.

Floral: Fragrances that are dominated by the scent of one or more types of flowers. When only one flower is used, it is called a soliflore (as in Dior's Diorissimo, with lily of the valley).

Chypre: Fragrances built on a similar accord consisting of bergamot, oakmoss, pachouli, and labdanum. This family of fragrances is named after a perfume by François Coty by the same name. Meaning Cyprus in French, the term alludes to the inspiration behind the original creation.

Aldehydic: Fragrances that incorporate the family of chemicals known as aldehydes. Chanel No 5 was the first aldehydic perfume (created by the French perfumer Ernest Beaux in 1921). Others include Je Reviens and Arpege. Aldehydic perfumes have the characteristic "piquant" note produced by materials like Aldehyde C12 MNA.

Fougère: Fragrances built on a base of lavender, coumarin and oakmoss. This fragrance family is named after Houbigant's Fougère Royale, which pioneered the use of this base. Many men's fragrances belong to this family of fragrances, which is characterized by its sharp herbaceous and woody scent.

Leather: A family of fragrances which features the scents honey, tobacco, wood, and wood tars in its middle or base notes and a scent that alludes to leather.

Woody: Fragrances that are dominated by the woody scents, typically of sandalwood and cedar. Patchouli, with its camphoraceous smell, is commonly found in these perfumes.

Orientals or ambers: A large fragrance class featuring the scents of vanilla and animal scents together with flowers and woods. Can be enhanced by camphorous oils and incense resins, which bring to mind Victorian era imagery of the Middle East and Far East.

Citrus: An old fragrance family that until recently consisted mainly of "freshening" eau de colognes due to the low tenacity of citrus scents. Development of newer fragrance compounds has allowed for the creation of primarily citrus fragrances.

[edit] Fragrance notes

A mixture of alcohol and water is used as the solvent for the aromatics. On application, body heat causes the solvent to quickly disperse, leaving the fragrance to evaporate gradually over several hours. The rate of evaporation (vapor pressure) and the odor strength of the compound partly determine the tenacity of the compound and determine its perfume note classification.

Top notes: Scents that are perceived immediately on application of a perfume. Top notes create the scents that form a person's initial impression of a perfume. Because of this, they are very important in the selling of a perfume. The scents of this note class are usually described as "fresh," "assertive" or "sharp." The compounds that contribute to top notes are strong in scent, very volatile, and evaporate quickly. Citrus and ginger scents are common top notes.

Heart notes or Middle notes: The scent of a perfume that emerges after the top notes dissipate. The heart note compounds form the "heart" or main body of a perfume and act to mask the often unpleasant initial impression of base notes, which become more pleasant with time. Not surprisingly, the scent of heart note compounds is usually more mellow and "rounded." Scents from this note class appear anywhere from 2 minutes to 1 hour after the application of a perfume. Lavender and rose scents are typical heart notes. Top notes and heart notes are sometimes described together as Head notes.

Base notes: The scent of a perfume that appears after the departure of the top notes. The base and middle notes together are the main theme of a perfume. Base notes bring depth and solidness to a perfume. Compounds of this class are often the fixatives used to hold and boost the strength of the lighter top and heart notes. The compounds of this class of scents are typically rich and "deep" and are usually not perceived until 30 minutes after the application of the perfume or during the period of perfume dry-down. Musk, vetiver and scents of plant resins are commonly used as base notes.

[edit] Concentration and composition

Perfumes oils, or the "juice" of perfume composition, are diluted with a suitable solvent to make the perfume more usable. This is done because undiluted oils (natural or synthetic) contain high concentrations of volatile components that will likely result in allergic reactions and possibly injury when applied directly to skin or clothing.

Although dilutions of the perfume oil can be done using solvents such as jojoba, fractionated coconut oil, and wax, the most common solvents for perfume oil dilution is ethanol or a mixture of ethanol and water. The percent of perfume oil by volume in a perfume is listed as follows:

Perfume extract: 20%-40% aromatic compounds

Eau de parfum: 10-30% aromatic compounds

Eau de toilette: 5-20% aromatic compounds

Eau de cologne: 2-3% aromatic compounds

As the percentage of aromatic compounds decreases, the intensity and longevity of the scent decrease. It should be noted that different perfumeries or perfume houses assign different amounts of oils to each of their perfumes. As such, although the oil concentration of a perfume in eau de parfum (EDP) dilution will necessarily be higher than the same perfume in eau de toilette (EDT) form, the same trends may not necessarily apply to different perfume compositions much less across different perfume houses.

Furthermore, some fragrances with the same product name but having a different concentration name may not only differ in their dillutions, but actually use different perfume oil mixtures altogether. For instance, in order to make the EDT version of a fragrance brighter and fresher than its EDP, the EDT oil may be "tweaked" to contain slightly more top notes or less base notes. In some cases, words such as "extrême" or "concentrée" appended to frangrance names might indicate completely different frangrances that relates only because of a similar perfume accord. An instance to this would be Chanel‘s Pour Monsieur and Pour Monsieur Concentrée.

[edit] Natural and synthetic aromatics

[edit] Plant sources

Plants have long been used in perfumery as a source of essential oils and aroma compounds. These aromatics are usually secondary metabolites produced by plants as protection against herbivores, infections, as well as to attract pollinators. Plants are by far the largest source of fragrant compounds used in perfumery. The sources of these compounds may be derived from various parts of a plant. A plant can offer more than one source of aromatics, for instance the aerial portions and seeds of coriander have remarkably different odors from each other. Orange leaves, blossoms, and fruit zest are the respective sources of petit grain, neroli, and orange oils.

Flowers and blossoms: Undoubtedly the largest source of aromatics. Includes the flowers of several species of rose and jasmine, as well as osmanthus, mimosa, tuberose, as well as the blossoms of citrus and ylang-ylang trees. Although not traditionally thought of as a flower, the unopened flower buds of the clove are also commonly used. Orchid flowers are not commercially used to produce essential oils or absolutes, except in the case of vanilla, an orchid, which must be pollinated first and made into seed pods before use in perfumery.

Leaves and twigs: Commonly used for perfumery are lavender leaf, patchouli, sage, violets, rosemary, and citrus leaves. Sometimes leaves are valued for the "green" smell they bring to perfumes, examples of this include hay and tomato leaf.

Roots, rhizomes and bulbs: Commonly used terrestrial portions in perfumery include iris rhizomes, vetiver roots, various rhizomes of the ginger family.

Seeds: Commonly used seeds include tonka bean, coriander, caraway, cocoa, nutmeg, mace, cardamom, and anise.

Fruits: Fresh fruits such as apples, strawberries, cherries unfortunately do not yield the expected odors when extractedif such fragrance notes are found in a perfume, they are synthetic. Notable exceptions include litsea cubeba, vanilla, and juniper berry. The most commonly used fruits yield their aromatics from the rindthey include citrus such as oranges, lemons, limes, and grapefruit.

Woods: Highly important in providing the base notes to a perfume, wood oils and distillates are indispensable in perfumery. Commonly used woods include sandalwood, rosewood, agarwood, birch, cedar, juniper, and pine.

Bark: Commonly used barks includes cinnamon and cascarilla. The fragrant oil in sassafras root bark is also used either directly or purified for its main constituent, safrole, which is used in the synthesis of other fragrant compounds such as helional.

Resins: Valued since antiquity, resins have been widely used in incense and perfumery. Highly fragrant and antiseptic resins and resin-containing perfumes have been used by many cultures as medicines for a large variety of ailments. Commonly used resins in perfumery include labdanum, frankincense/olibanum, myrrh, Peru balsam, gum benzoin. Pine and fir resins are a particularly valued source of terpenes used in the organic synthesis of many other synthetic or naturally occurring aromatic compounds. Some of what is called amber and copal in perfumery today is the resinous secretion of fossil conifers.

Lichens: Commonly used lichen includes oakmoss and treemoss thalli.

[edit] Animal sources

Musk: Originally derived from the musk sacs from the Asian musk deer, it has now been replaced by the use of synthetic musks due to its price and ethical issues.

Civet: Also called Civet Musk, this is obtained from the odorous sacs of the civets, animals in the family Viverridae, related to the Mongoose.

Castoreum: Obtained from the odorous sacs of the North American beaver.

Ambergris: Lumps of oxidized fatty compounds, whose precursors were secreted and expelled by the Sperm Whale. Ambergris is commonly referred as "amber" in perfumery and should not be confused with yellow amber, which is used in jewelry.

Honeycomb: Distilled from the honeycomb of the Honeybee.

[edit] Synthetic sources

Synthetic aromatics are created through organic synthesis from various chemical compounds that are obtained from petroleum distillates, pine resins, or other relatively cheap organic feedstock. Synthetics can provide fragrances which are not found in nature. For instance, Calone, a compound of synthetic origin, imparts a fresh ozonous metallic marine scent that is widely used in contemporary perfumes. Synthetic aromatics are often used as an alternate source of compounds that are not easily obtained from natural sources. For example, linalool and coumarin are both naturally occurring compounds that can be cheaply synthesized from terpenes. Orchid scents (typically salicylates) are usually not obtained directly from the plant itself but are instead synthetically created to match the fragrant compounds found in various orchids.

The majority of the world's synthetic aromatics are created by relatively few companies. They include:

International Flavors and Fragrances (IFF)

Givaudan

Firmenich

Quest International

Takasago

Symrise

Mane SA

CPL

Each of these companies patent several processes for the production of aromatic synthetics annually.

See Aroma compound

[edit] Obtaining natural odorants

Main article: Extraction (fragrance)

Before perfumes can be composed, the odorants used in various perfume compositions must first be obtained. Synthetic odorants are produced through organic synthesis and purified. Odorants from natural sources require the use of various methods to extract the aromatics from the raw materials. The results of the extraction are either essential oils, absolutes, concretes, or butters, depending on the amount of waxes in the extracted product. [4]

All these techniques will to a certain extent, distort the odour of the aromatic compounds obtained from the raw materials. This is due to the use of heat, harsh solvents, or through exposure to oxygen in the extraction process which will denature the aromatic compounds, which either change their odour character or renders them odourless.

Maceration/Solvent extraction: The most used and economically important technique for extracting aromatics in the modern perfume industry. Raw materials are submerged in a solvent that can dissolve the desired aromatic compounds. Maceration lasts anywhere from hours to months. Fragrant compounds for woody and fibrous plant materials are often obtained in this manner as are all aromatics from animal sources. The technique can also be used to extract odorants that are too volatile for distillation or easily denatured by heat. Commonly used solvents for maceration/solvent extraction include hexane, and dimethyl ether. The product of this process is called a "concrete".

Supercritical fluid extraction: A relatively new technique for extracting fragrant compounds from a raw material, which often employ Supercritical CO2. Due to the low heat of process and the relatively unreactive solvent used in the extraction, the fragrant compounds derived often closely resemble the original odour of the raw material.

Ethanol extraction: A type of solvent extraction used to extract fragrant compounds directly from dry raw materials, as well as the impure oily compounds materials resulting from solvent extraction or enfleurage. Ethanol extraction is not used to extract fragrance from fresh plant materials since these contain large quantities of water, which will also be extracted into the ethanol.

Distillation: A common technique for obtaining aromatic compounds from plants, such as orange blossoms and roses. The raw material is heated and the fragrant compounds are re-collected through condensation of the distilled vapour.

Steam distillation: Steam from boiling water is passed through the raw material, which drives out their volatile fragrant compounds. The condensate from distillation are settled in a Florentine flask. This allows for the easy separation of the fragrant oils from the water. The water collected from the condensate, which retains some of the fragrant compounds and oils from the raw material is called hydrosol and sometimes sold. This is most commonly used for fresh plant materials such as flowers, leaves, and stems.

Dry/destructive distillation: The raw materials are directly heated in a still without a carrier solvent such as water. Fragrant compounds that are released from the raw material by the high heat often undergo anhydrous pyrolysis, which results in the formation of different fragrant compounds, and thus different fragrant notes. This method is used to obtain fragrant compounds from fossil amber and fragrant woods where an intentional "burned" or "toasted" odour is desired.

Expression: Raw material is squeezed or compressed and the oils are collected. Of all raw materials, only the fragrant oils from the peels of fruits in the citrus family are extracted in this manner since the oil is present in large enough quantities as to make this extraction method economically feasible.

Enfleurage: Absorption of aroma materials into wax and then extracting the odorous oil with alcohol. Extraction by enfleurage was commonly used when distillation was not possible due to the fact that some fragrant compounds denature through high heat. This technique is not commonly used in the present day industry due to its prohibitive cost and the existence of more efficient and effective extraction methods. [2]

[edit] Fragrant extracts

Although fragrant extracts are known to the general public as the generic term "essential oils", a more specific language is used in the fragrance industry to describe the source, purity, and technique used to obtain a particular fragrant extract.

Of these extracts, only absolutes, essential oils, and tinctures are directly used to formulate perfumes.

Absolute: Fragrant materials that are purified from a pommade or concrete by soaking them in ethanol. By using a slightly hydrophilic compound such as ethanol, most of the fragrant compounds from the waxy source materials can be extracted without dissolving any of the fragrantless waxy molecules. Absolutes are usually found in the form of an oily liquid.

Concrete: Fragrant materials that have been extracted from raw materials through solvent extraction using volatile hydrocarbons. Concretes usually contain a large amount of wax due to the ease in which the solvents dissolve various hydrophobic compounds. As such concretes are usually further purified through distillation or ethanol based solvent extraction. Concretes are typically either waxy or resinous solids or thick oily liquids.

Essential oil: Fragrant materials that have been extracted from a source material directly through distillation or expression and obtained in the form of an oily liquid. Oils extracted through expression are sometimes called expression oils.

Pomade: A fragrant mass of solid fat created from the enfleurage process, in which odorous compounds in raw materials are adsorbed into animal fats. Pommades are found in the form of an oily and sticky solid.

Tincture: Fragrant materials produced by directly soaking and infusing raw materials in ethanol. Tinctures are typically thin liquids. [2]

[edit] Composing perfumes

Perfume compositions are an important part of many industries ranging from the luxury goods sectors, food services industries, to manufacturers of various household chemicals. The purpose of using perfume or fragrance compositions in these industries is to affect customers through their sense of smell and entice them into purchasing the perfume or perfumed product. As such there is significant interest in producing a perfume formulation that people will find aesthetically pleasing.

[edit] The Perfumer

The job of composing perfumes that will sell is left up to an expert on perfume composition or known in the fragrance industry as the perfumer. They are also sometimes referred to affectionately as "the Nose" due to their fine sense of smell and skill in smell composition. The perfumer is effectively an artist who is trained in depth on the concepts of fragrance aesthetics and who is capable of conveying abstract concepts and moods with their fragrance compositions. At the most rudimentary level, a perfumer must not only have a keen knowledge of a large variety of fragrance ingredients and their smells, and be able to distinguish each of the fragrance ingredients whether alone or in combination with other frangrances. As well, they must know how each ingredient reveals itself through time with other ingredients. The job of the perfumer is very similar to that of flavourists, who compose smells and flavourants for many commercial food products.

The composition of a perfume typically begins with a brief by the perfumer's employer or an outside customer. The customers to the perfumer or their employers, are typically fashi

罗马音和中文翻译

仆らがひとつひとつの梦を守り抜けるなら

bokuraga hitotsu hitotsu no yumen o mamori nukeru kara

夏空にした约束は

natsu sora ni shita yakusoku wa

100年后でも破れないからさ

hyaku nengo demo yaburenai karasa

あの日 夏の青い空

anohi natsuno aoi sora

首すじの汗と

kubisuji no ase to

はき舍てた不満や不安と

haki suteta human ya huan to

そして希望の数々

soshite kibou no kazukazu

进んでく君の姿を 见失わないように

susundeku komi no sugata o miushinawanai youni

何度でも空を仰いで

nando demo sora o aoide

确かめたって构わない

tashika metatte kamawanai

仆らが不安の中で 道を选びぬけるなら

bokura ga huan no naka de michi o urabinekerunara

横道の途中で颜だして

yokomichi no tochyuu de kaodashite

何度でも君に会えるよ

nando nemo kimi ni aeruyo

グッドラック 手描きの地図が

GOOD LUCK te egaki no chizu ga

渗んで読めなくなっても

shinde yomenaku nattemo

迷いのないこの気持ちを

mayoinonai kono kimochi o

云ひとつない空に放とう

kumo hitotsu nai sora ni hanatou

我们如果能守护逐个逐个的梦想

在夏空下的约定

即使再过百年也不会失约

那日 夏季的青空

脖颈的汗水

丢弃的不满和不安

以及种种希望

为了不迷失一路向前的你的身姿

我无数次仰望天空

不厌其烦地去确认

如果我们在不安中选择道路

也会在十字路口探出头来

无论多少次都能见到你

祝你好运 手绘的地图

即使被汗水浸湿无法看清

我也会将毫不迷惘的心情

释放在万里无云的天空中我们如果能守护逐个逐个的梦想

在夏空下的约定

即使再过百年也不会失约

那日 夏季的青空

脖颈的汗水

丢弃的不满和不安

以及种种希望

为了不迷失一路向前的你的身姿

我无数次仰望天空

不厌其烦地去确认

如果我们在不安中选择道路

也会在十字路口探出头来

无论多少次都能见到你

祝你好运 手绘的地图

即使被汗水浸湿无法看清

我也会将毫不迷惘的心情

释放在万里无云的天空中

希望朋友高台贵手 忽忽