求23种有害并限制使用的邻苯二甲酸盐的检测方法，有的大侠告知下，谢谢

Bartholomew Roberts

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Bartholomew Roberts

1682-1722

Bartholomew Roberts at Ouidah with his ship and captured merchantmen in the background.

Nickname: Black Bart (Welsh: Barti Ddu

Type: Pirate

Place of birth: Casnewydd Bach, Pembrokeshire, Wales

Place of death: At sea off Cape Lopez, Gabon

Years of service: 1719-1722

Rank: Captain

Base of Operations: Off the coast of the Americas and West Africa

Commands: Royal Fortune, Ranger, Little Ranger

Wealth: 456 vessels

Born John Roberts (May 17, 1682 - February 10, 1722), Bartholomew Roberts, also known as Bart Roberts, was a Welsh pirate who raided shipping off the Americas and West Africa between 1719 and 1722. He was the most successful pirate of the Golden Age of Piracy, capturing far more ships than some of the best-known pirates of this era such as Blackbeard or Captain Kidd.[1] He is estimated to have captured over 470 vessels.[2] He is also known as Black Bart (Welsh: Barti Ddu), but this name was never used in his lifetime.[3]

Contents

1 Early life

2 Life as a pirate

2.1 "Better being a commander than a common man"

2.2 Brazil and the Caribbean July 1719 - May 1720

2.3 Newfoundland and the Caribbean June 1720 - April 1721

2.4 West Africa April 1721 - January 1722

2.5 Death in battle February 1722

3 Aftermath

3.1 Treasure

4 Personal characteristics

5 Popular culture

6 Notes

7 References

8 External links

[edit] Early life

Bart Roberts' memorial stone in Little Newcastle

Roberts was born in 1682 in the village of Casnewydd-Bach,[4] (Little Newcastle), between Fishguard and Haverfordwest in Pembrokeshire, Wales. His name was originally John Roberts, and his father is thought to have been George Roberts.[5] It is unknown why he changed his name from John to Bartholomew,[6] but pirates often adopted aliases, and he may have chosen that name after the well-known buccaneer Bartholomew Sharp.[7] He apparently went to sea at the age of 13 in 1695 but there is no further record of him until 1718, when he was mate of a Barbados sloop.[8] In 1719 he was third mate aboard the slave ship Princess of London, under Captain Abraham Plumb. In early June that year the Princess was anchored at Anomabu, then spelled Annamaboa, which is situated along the Gold Coast of West Africa (present-day Ghana), when she was captured by pirates. The pirates were in two ships, the Royal Rover and the Royal James, and were led by captain Howell Davis. Davis, like Roberts, was a Welshman, originally from Milford Haven in Pembrokeshire. Several of the crew of the Princess of London were forced to join the pirates, including Roberts. Davis quickly discovered Roberts' abilities as a navigator and took to consulting him.[9] Roberts is said to have initially been reluctant to become a pirate, but soon came to see the advantages of his new life. Captain Charles Johnson reports him as saying:

In an honest service there is thin commons, low wages, and hard labour. In this, plenty and satiety, pleasure and ease, liberty and powerand who would not balance creditor on this side, when all the hazard that is run for it, at worst is only a sour look or two at choking? No, a merry life and a short one shall be my motto.[10]

[edit] Life as a pirate

[edit] "Better being a commander than a common man"

The death of Captain Howell Davis in an ambush on Príncipe

It is easy to understand the lure of piracyin the merchant navy, Roberts' wage was less than £3 per month and he had no chance of promotion to captaincy.[11]

A few weeks later the Royal Marlesa had to be abandoned because of worm damage. The Royal Rover headed for the Isle of Princes, now Príncipe. Davis hoisted the flags of a British man-of-war, and was allowed to enter the harbour. After a few days Davis invited the governor to lunch on board his ship, intending to hold him hostage for a ransom. As Davis had to send boats to collect the governor, he was invited to call at the fort for a glass of wine first. The Portuguese had by now discovered that their visitors were pirates, and on the way to the fort Davis' party were ambushed and Davis himself shot dead.[12]

A new captain now had to be elected. Davis' crew was divided into "Lords" and "Commons", and it was the "Lords" who had the right to propose a name to the remainder of the crew. Within six weeks of his capture, Roberts was elected captain. This was an unusual move since he was openly against his even being on board the vessel, and was probably due to his navigational abilities and his demeanor, which history reflects was outspoken and opinionated. According to Johnson:

He accepted of the Honour, saying, that since he had dipp'd his Hands in Muddy Water, and must be a Pyrate, it was better being a Commander than a common Man.[13]

His first act as captain was to lead the crew back to Príncipe to avenge the death of Captain Davis. Roberts and his crew sprang onto the island in the darkness of night, killed a large portion of the male population, and stole all items of value that they could carry away. Soon afterwards he captured a Dutch Guineaman, then two days later an English ship called the Experiment. While the ship took on water and provisions at Anamboe, a vote was taken on whether the next voyage should be to the East Indies or to Brazil. The vote was for Brazil.[14]

The combination of bravery and success that marked this adventure cemented most of the crew's loyalty to Roberts. They concluded that he was "pistol proof" and that they had much to gain by staying with him.[15]

[edit] Brazil and the Caribbean July 1719 - May 1720

Roberts' first flag shows him and Death holding an hourglass

Roberts and his crew crossed the Atlantic and watered and boot-topped[16] their ship on the uninhabited island of Ferdinando. They then spent about nine weeks off the Brazilian coast, but saw no ships. They were about to leave for the West Indies when they encountered a fleet of 42 Portuguese ships in the Todos os Santos' Bay, waiting for two men-of-war of 70 guns each to escort them to Lisbon. Roberts took one of the vessels, and ordered her master to point out the richest ship in the fleet. He pointed out a ship of 40 guns and a crew of 170, which Roberts and his men boarded and captured. The ship proved to contain 40,000 gold moidors and jewelry including a cross set with diamonds, designed for the King of Portugal.[17]

The Rover now headed for Devil's Island off the coast of Guiana to spend the booty. A few weeks later they headed for the River Surinam, where they captured a sloop. When a brigantine was sighted, Roberts took forty men to pursue it in the sloop, leaving Walter Kennedy in command of the Rover. The sloop became wind-bound for eight days, and when Roberts and his men were finally able to return, they discovered that Kennedy had sailed off with the Rover and what remained of the loot.[18] Roberts and his crew renamed their sloop the Fortune and agreed new articles, which they swore on a Bible to uphold.[19]

Every man shall have an equal vote in affairs of moment. He shall have an equal title to the fresh provisions or strong liquors at any time seized, and shall use them at pleasure unless a scarcity may make it necessary for the common good that a retrenchment may be voted.

Every man shall be called fairly in turn by the list on board of prizes, because over and above their proper share, they are allowed a shift of clothes. But if they defraud the company to the value of even one dollar in plate, jewels or money, they shall be marooned. If any man rob another he shall have his nose and ears slit, and be put ashore where he shall be sure to encounter hardships.

None shall game for money either with dice or cards.

The lights and candles should be put out at eight at night, and if any of the crew desire to drink after that hour they shall sit upon the open deck without lights.

Each man shall keep his piece, cutlass and pistols at all times clean and ready for action.

No boy or woman to be allowed amongst them. If any man shall be found seducing any of the latter sex and carrying her to sea in disguise he shall suffer death.

He that shall desert the ship or his quarters in time of battle shall be punished by death or marooning.

None shall strike another on board the ship, but every man's quarrel shall be ended on shore by sword or pistol in this manner. At the word of command from the quartermaster, each man being previously placed back to back, shall turn and fire immediately. If any man do not, the quartermaster shall knock the piece out of his hand. If both miss their aim they shall take to their cutlasses, and he that draweth first blood shall be declared the victor.

No man shall talk of breaking up their way of living till each has a share of 1,000. Every man who shall become a cripple or lose a limb in the service shall have 800 pieces of eight from the common stock and for lesser hurts proportionately.

The captain and the quartermaster shall each receive two shares of a prize, the master gunner and boatswain, one and one half shares, all other officers one and one quarter, and private gentlemen of fortune one share each.

The musicians shall have rest on the Sabbath Day only by right. On all other days by favor only.

Black Bart's new flag showed him standing on two skulls, representing the heads of a Barbadian and a Martiniquian

In late February 1720 they were joined by the French pirate Montigny la Palisse in another sloop, the Sea King. The inhabitants of Barbados equipped two well-armed ships, the Summerset and the Philipa, to try to put an end to the pirate menace. On 26 February they encountered the two pirate sloops. The Sea King quickly fled, and after sustaining considerable damage the Fortune broke off the engagement and was able to escape.[20] Roberts headed for Dominica to repair the sloop, with twenty of his crew dying of their wounds on the voyage. There were also two sloops from Martinique out searching for the pirates, and Roberts swore vengeance against the inhabitants of Barbados and Martinique. He had a new flag made with a drawing of himself standing upon 2 skulls, one labelled ABH (A Barbadian's Head) and the other AMH (A Martiniquian's Head).

[edit] Newfoundland and the Caribbean June 1720 - April 1721

The Fortune now headed northwards towards Newfoundland. After capturing a number of ships around the Newfoundland banks Roberts raided the harbour of Ferryland, capturing a dozen vessels. On 21 June he attacked the larger harbour of Trepassey, sailing in with black flags flying. All the ships in the harbour were abandoned by their panic-stricken captains and crews, and the pirates were masters of Trepassey without any resistance being offered. Roberts had captured 22 ships, but was angered by the cowardice of the captains who had fled their ships. Every morning when a gun was fired, the captains were forced to attend Roberts on board his shipthey were told that anyone who was absent would have his ship burnt. One brig from Bristol was taken over by the pirates to replace the sloop Fortune and fitted out with 16 guns. When the pirates left in late June, all the other vessels in the harbour were set on fire. During July, Roberts captured nine or ten French ships and commandeered one of them, fitting her with 26 cannons and changing her name to the Good Fortune. With this more powerful ship, the pirates captured many more vessels before heading south for the West Indies, accompanied by Montigny la Palisse's sloop, which had rejoined them.[21]

In September 1720 the Good Fortune was careened and repaired at the island of Carriacou before being renamed the Royal Fortune, the first of several ships to be given this name by Roberts. In late September the Royal Fortune and the Fortune headed for the island of St. Christopher's, and entered Basse Terra Road flying black flags and with their drummers and trumpeters playing. They sailed in among the ships in the Road, all of whom promptly struck their flags.[22] The next landfall was at the island of St. Bartholomew, where the French governor allowed the pirates to remain for several weeks to carouse. By 25 October they were at sea again, off St. Lucia, where they captured up to 15 French and English ships in the next three days.[23] Among the captured ships was the Greyhound, whose chief mate, James Skyrme, joined the pirates. He would later become captain of Roberts' consort, the Ranger.

In early April 1721 the pirates captured a French man of war and discovered that one of the passengers was the Governor of Martinique. Roberts had him hanged from the yardarm.[24] By the spring of 1721, Roberts' depredations had almost brought sea-borne trade in the West Indies to a standstill.[25] The Royal Fortune and the Good Fortune therefore set sail for West Africa. On 20 April Thomas Anstis, the commander of the Good Fortune, left Roberts in the night and continued to raid shipping in the Caribbean. The Royal Fortune continued towards Africa.

[edit] West Africa April 1721 - January 1722

Bartholomew Roberts at Ouidah with his ship and captured merchantmen in the background.

By late April, Roberts was at the Cape Verde islands. The Royal Fortune was found to be leaky, and was abandoned here. The pirates transferred to the Sea King, which was renamed the Royal Fortune. The new Royal Fortune made landfall off the Guinea coast in early June, near the mouth of the Senegal River. Two French ships, one of 10 guns and one of 16 guns, gave chase, but were captured by Roberts. Both these ships were commandeered. One, the Comte de Toulouse was renamed the Ranger, while the other was named the Little Ranger and used as a storeship. Thomas Sutton was made captain of the Ranger and James Skyrme captain of the Little Ranger.[26]

Roberts now headed for Sierra Leone, arriving on 12 June. Here he was told that two Royal Navy ships, H.M.S. Swallow and H.M.S. Weymouth, had left at the end of April, planning to return before Christmas.[27] On 8 August he captured two large ships at Point Cestos, now River Cess in Liberia. One of these was the frigate Onslow, transporting soldiers bound for Cape Coast (Cabo Corso) Castle. A number of the soldiers wished to join the pirates and were eventually accepted, but as landlubbers were given only a quarter share. The Onslow was converted to become the fourth Royal Fortune.[28] In November and December the pirates careened their ships and relaxed at Cape Lopez and the island of Annobon.[29] Sutton was replaced by Skyrme as captain of the Ranger. They captured several vessels in January 1722, then sailed into Ouidah harbour with black flags flying. All the eleven ships at anchor there immediately struck their colours.[30]

[edit] Death in battle February 1722

Bartholomew Roberts' crew carousing at the Calabar River. Most of the crew were drunk when the Swallow appeared.

On 5 February H.M.S. Swallow, commanded by Captain Chaloner Ogle, came upon the three pirate ships, the Royal Fortune, the Ranger and the Little Ranger careening at Cape Lopez. The Swallow veered away to avoid a sandbank, making the pirates think that she was a fleeing merchant ship. The Ranger, commanded by James Skyrme, departed in pursuit. Once out of earshot of the other pirates, the Swallow opened her gun ports and an engagement began. Ten of the pirates were killed and Skyrme had his leg taken off by a cannon ball, but refused to leave the deck. Eventually the Ranger was forced to strike her colours and the surviving crew were captured.

On 10 February the Swallow returned to Cape Lopez and found the Royal Fortune still there. The previous day Roberts had captured the Neptune, and many of his crew were drunk and unfit for duty just when he needed them most.[31] The pirates at first thought that the approaching ship was the Ranger returning, but a deserter from the Swallow recognized her and informed the captain. Roberts was breakfasting in company with Captain Hill, the master of the Neptune, when he was given the news. As he usually did before action, he dressed himself in his finest clothes:

Roberts himself made a gallant figure, at the time of the engagement, being dressed in a rich crimson damask waistcoat and breeches, a red feather in his hat, a gold chain round his neck, with a diamond cross hanging to it, a sword in his hand, and two pairs of pistols slung over his shoulders ...[32]

The pirates' plan was to sail past the Swallow, which meant exposing themselves to one broadside. Once past, they would have a good chance of escaping. However the helmsman failed to keep the Royal Fortune on the right course, and the Swallow was able to approach to deliver a second broadside. Captain Roberts was killed by grapeshot cannon fire, which struck him in the throat, while he stood on the deck. Before his body could be captured by Ogle, Roberts' wish to be buried at sea was fulfilled by his crew, who weighted his body down and threw it overboard after wrapping it in his ship's sail. It was never found.

美国化学会的下设组织化学文摘服务社（Chemical Abstracts Service, CAS）负责为每一种出现在文献中的物质分配一个CAS号，其目的是为了避免化学物质有多种名称的麻烦，使数据库的检索更为方便。如今几乎所有的化学数据库都允许用CAS号检索。

到2005年12月25日，CAS已经登记了27,655,947种物质最新数据，并且还以每天4,000余种的速度增加。

美国化学文摘服务社--为化学物质制订的登记号

化工方面：

CAS Registry Number或称CAS Number 又称CAS登录号

是美国化学文摘服务社(Chemical Abstracts Service ,CAS)为化学物质制订的登记号，该号是检索有多个名称的化学物质信息的重要工具。是某种物质（化合物、高分子材料、生物序列（Biological sequences）、混合物或合金的8唯一的数字识别号码。

美国化学会的下设组织CAS负责为每一种出现在文献中的物质分配一个CAS号，其目的是为了避免化学物质有多种名称的麻烦，使数据库的检索更为方便。如今几乎所有的化学数据库都允许用CAS号检索。到2005年12月25日，CAS已经登记了27,115,156种物质最新数据 ，并且还以每天4,000余种的速度增加。

格式 :一个CAS号以连字符“-”分为三部分，第一部分有2到6位数字，第二部分有2 位数字，第三部分有1位数字作为校验码。CAS号以升序排列且没有任何内在含义。校验码的计算方法如下：CAS顺序号（第一、二部分数字）的最后一位乘以1，最后第二位乘以2，依此类推，然后再把所有的乘积相加，再把和除以10，其余数就是第三部分的校验码。举例来说，水（H2O）的CAS号前两部分是7732-18，则其校验码＝（8×1＋1×2＋2×3＋3×4＋7×5＋7×6）mod 10＝105 mod 10＝5。（mod是求余运算符）

异构体、酶和混合物: 不同的同分异构体分子有不同的CAS号，比如右旋葡萄糖（D-glucos）的CAS号是50-99-7，左旋葡萄糖（L-glucose）是921-60-8，α右旋葡萄糖（α-D-glucose）是26655-34-5。 偶然也有一类分子用一个CAS号，比如一组乙醇脱氢酶（Alcohol dehydrogenase）的CAS号都是9031-72-5。混合物如芥末油（mustard oil）的CAS号是8007-40-7。