变频空调的参考文献有哪些

1 王鹏英.新编空气调节[M].上海：上海工程技术大学机械工程学院，2003

3 陈沛霖，岳孝.空调与制冷技术手册[M].上海：同济大学出版社，1990

4 郑爱平.空气调节工程[M].北京：科学出版社，2002

by Chris Bede

Today, as we drive our automobiles, a great many of us, can enjoy the same comfort levels that we are accustomed to at home and at work. With the push of a button or the slide of a lever, we make the seamless transition from heating to cooling and back again without ever wondering how this change occurs. That is, unless something goes awry.

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Since the advent of the automotive air conditioning system in the 1940's, many things have undergone extensive change. Improvements, such as computerized automatic temperature control (which allow you to set the desired temperature and have the system adjust automatically) and improvements to overall durability, have added complexity to today's modern air conditioning system. Unfortunately, the days of "do-it-yourself" repair to these systems, is almost a thing of the past.

To add to the complications, we now have tough environmental regulations that govern the very simplest of tasks, such as recharging the system with refrigerant R12 commonly referred to as Freon. (Freon is the trade name for the refrigerant R-12, that was manufactured by DuPont). Extensive scientific studies have proven the damaging effects of this refrigerant to our ozone layer, and its manufacture has been banned by the U.S. and many other countries that have joined together to sign the Montreal Protocol, a landmark agreement that was introduced in the 1980's to limit the production and use of chemicals known to deplete the ozone layer.

Now more than ever, your auto mechanic is at the mercy of this new environmental legislation. Not only is he required to be certified to purchase refrigerant and repair your air conditioner, his shop must also incur the cost of purchasing expensive dedicated equipment that insures the capture of these ozone depleting chemicals, should the system be opened up for repair. Simply put, if your mechanic has to spend more to repair your vehicle - he will have to charge you more. Basic knowledge of your air conditioning system is important, as this will allow you to make a more informed decision on your repair options.

Should a major problem arise from your air conditioner, you may encounter new terminology. Words like "retrofit" and "alternative refrigerant" are now in your mechanics glossary. You may be given an option of "retrofitting", as opposed to merely repairing and recharging with Freon. Retrofitting involves making the necessary changes to your system, which will allow it to use the new industry accepted, "environmentally friendly" refrigerant, R-134a. This new refrigerant has a higher operating pressure, therefore, your system, dependant on age, may require larger or more robust parts to counter its inherent high pressure characteristics. This, in some cases, will add significantly to the final cost of the repair. And if not performed properly, may reduce cooling efficiency which equates to higher operating costs and reduced comfort.

Vehicles are found to have primarily three different types of air conditioning systems. While each of the three types differ, the concept and design are very similar to one another. The most common components which make up these automotive systems are the following:

COMPRESSOR, CONDENSER, EVAPORATOR, ORIFICE TUBE, THERMAL EXPANSION VALVE , RECEIVER-DRIER, ACCUMULATOR. Note: if your car has an Orifice tube, it will not have a Thermal Expansion Valve as these two devices serve the same purpose. Also, you will either have a Receiver-Dryer or an Accumulator, but not both.

For more information on Air Conditioning, check out The Automotive Air Conditioning Information Server

COMPRESSOR

Commonly referred to as the heart of the system, the compressor is a belt driven pump that is fastened to the engine. It is responsible for compressing and transferring refrigerant gas.

The A/C system is split into two sides, a high pressure side and a low pressure sidedefined as discharge and suction. Since the compressor is basically a pump, it must have an intake side and a discharge side. The intake, or suction side, draws in refrigerant gas from the outlet of the evaporator. In some cases it does this via the accumulator.

Once the refrigerant is drawn into the suction side, it is compressed and sent to the condenser, where it can then transfer the heat that is absorbed from the inside of the vehicle.

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CONDENSER

This is the area in which heat dissipation occurs. The condenser, in many cases, will have much the same appearance as the radiator in you car as the two have very similar functions. The condenser is designed to radiate heat. Its location is usually in front of the radiator, but in some cases, due to aerodynamic improvements to the body of a vehicle, its location may differ. Condensers must have good air flow anytime the system is in operation. On rear wheel drive vehicles, this is usually accomplished by taking advantage of your existing engine's cooling fan. On front wheel drive vehicles, condenser air flow is supplemented with one or more electric cooling fan(s).

As hot compressed gasses are introduced into the top of the condenser, they are cooled off. As the gas cools, it condenses and exits the bottom of the condenser as a high pressure liquid.

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EVAPORATOR

Located inside the vehicle, the evaporator serves as the heat absorption component. The evaporator provides several functions. Its primary duty is to remove heat from the inside of your vehicle. A secondary benefit is dehumidification. As warmer air travels through the aluminum fins of the cooler evaporator coil, the moisture contained in the air condenses on its surface. Dust and pollen passing through stick to its wet surfaces and drain off to the outside. On humid days you may have seen this as water dripping from the bottom of your vehicle. Rest assured this is perfectly normal.

The ideal temperature of the evaporator is 320 Fahrenheit or 00 Celsius. Refrigerant enters the bottom of the evaporator as a low pressure liquid. The warm air passing through the evaporator fins causes the refrigerant to boil (refrigerants have very low boiling points). As the refrigerant begins to boil, it can absorb large amounts of heat. This heat is then carried off with the refrigerant to the outside of the vehicle. Several other components work in conjunction with the evaporator. As mentioned above, the ideal temperature for an evaporator coil is 320 F. Temperature and pressure regulating devices must be used to control its temperature. While there are many variations of devices used, their main functions are the samekeeping pressure in the evaporator low and keeping the evaporator from freezingA frozen evaporator coil will not absorb as much heat.

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PRESSURE REGULATING DEVICES

Controlling the evaporator temperature can be accomplished by controlling refrigerant pressure and flow into the evaporator. Many variations of pressure regulators have been introduced since the 1940's. Listed below, are the most commonly found.

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ORIFICE TUBE

The orifice tube, probably the most commonly used, can be found in most GM and Ford models. It is located in the inlet tube of the evaporator, or in the liquid line, somewhere between the outlet of the condenser and the inlet of the evaporator. This point can be found in a properly functioning system by locating the area between the outlet of the condenser and the inlet of the evaporator that suddenly makes the change from hot to cold. You should then see small dimples placed in the line that keep the orifice tube from moving. Most of the orifice tubes in use today measure approximately three inches in length and consist of a small brass tube, surrounded by plastic, and covered with a filter screen at each end. It is not uncommon for these tubes to become clogged with small debris. While inexpensive, usually between three to five dollars, the labor to replace one involves recovering the refrigerant, opening the system up, replacing the orifice tube, evacuating and then recharging. With this in mind, it might make sense to install a larger pre filter in front of the orifice tube to minimize the risk of of this problem reoccurring. Some Ford models have a permanently affixed orifice tube in the liquid line. These can be cut out and replaced with a combination filter/orifice assembly.

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THERMAL EXPANSION VALVE

Another common refrigerant regulator is the thermal expansion valve, or TXV. Commonly used on import and aftermarket systems. This type of valve can sense both temperature and pressure, and is very efficient at regulating refrigerant flow to the evaporator. Several variations of this valve are commonly found. Another example of a thermal expansion valve is Chrysler's "H block" type. This type of valve is usually located at the firewall, between the evaporator inlet and outlet tubes and the liquid and suction lines. These types of valves, although efficient, have some disadvantages over orifice tube systems. Like orifice tubes these valves can become clogged with debris, but also have small moving parts that may stick and malfunction due to corrosion.

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RECEIVER-DRIER

The receiver-drier is used on the high side of systems that use a thermal expansion valve. This type of metering valve requires liquid refrigerant. To ensure that the valve gets liquid refrigerant, a receiver is used. The primary function of the receiver-drier is to separate gas and liquid. The secondary purpose is to remove moisture and filter out dirt. The receiver-drier usually has a sight glass in the top. This sight glass is often used to charge the system. Under normal operating conditions, vapor bubbles should not be visible in the sight glass. The use of the sight glass to charge the system is not recommended in R-134a systems as cloudiness and oil that has separated from the refrigerant can be mistaken for bubbles. This type of mistake can lead to a dangerous overcharged condition. There are variations of receiver-driers and several different desiccant materials are in use. Some of the moisture removing desiccants found within are not compatible with R-134a. The desiccant type is usually identified on a sticker that is affixed to the receiver-drier. Newer receiver-driers use desiccant type XH-7 and are compatible with both R-12 and R-134a refrigerants.

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ACCUMULATOR

Accumulators are used on systems that accommodate an orifice tube to meter refrigerants into the evaporator. It is connected directly to the evaporator outlet and stores excess liquid refrigerant. Introduction of liquid refrigerant into a compressor can do serious damage. Compressors are designed to compress gas not liquid. The chief role of the accumulator is to isolate the compressor from any damaging liquid refrigerant. Accumulators, like receiver-driers, also remove debris and moisture from a system. It is a good idea to replace the accumulator each time the system is opened up for major repair and anytime moisture and/or debris is of concern. Moisture is enemy number one for your A/C system. Moisture in a system mixes with refrigerant and forms a corrosive acid. When in doubt, it may be to your advantage to change the Accumulator or receiver in your system. While this may be a temporary discomfort for your wallet, it is of long term benefit to your air conditioning system.

资料来源：

http://www.familycar.com/classroom/ac1.htm#Automotive%20Air%20Conditioning%20Systems

随着改革开放逐步深化、国民经济的快速发展、人民对生活品质要求的提高，空调在现代建设中被广泛的应用。下面是我为大家精心推荐的空调节能技术论文，希望能够对您有所帮助。

空调节能技术浅谈

摘要：随着近年来社会经济的不断发展，人们生活品质的逐步提高，对于物质生活和环境舒适性的需求也更加苛刻，空调系统显然已经成为现代建筑行业中一个不可忽视的部分。但是，近年来能源危机突出和环境破坏对人类的影响逐步加深，已经让人类清晰的认识环境保护和能源节约的重要，国家也制定了一系列的法律法规和行业标准。因此，能源的有效节约、提高能源有效利用的方法和技术的研究成为了当今一项重要课题。本研究从影响空调系统的能耗的关键因素出发，提出了几项空调节能的可行性方案，最后探讨了空调节能的未来发展趋势。

关键词：空调系统节能技术措施建议

中图分类号：TU831.3+5文献标识码： A

前言：

随着人们经济水平的不断提高，生活品质的提升，无论是生活环境还是工作环境，空调系统在现代建筑中的应用也越来越广泛。根据统计表明，在我国空调耗能占建筑物总能源消耗的60%～70%，因此，采取有效的节能措施，解决高层建筑节能问题符合我国经济的可持续发展的要求，对节能减排和建设环境友好型社会有着至关重要的意义。

空调能耗的现状以及节能的重要性

随着改革开放逐步深化、国民经济的快速发展、人民对生活品质要求的提高，空调在现代建设中被广泛的应用。而在建筑能耗里，空调能耗已经占到建筑能耗的60%~70%左右，而且比重还在逐年上升。因此空调节能技术的发展对提高能源利用率、环境可持续发展有重要影响。

在我国现阶段中央空调系统的应用中，通常认为空调系统的温湿度控制以及空气品质的控制是最为重要的，进而忽略了空调系统的能源消耗情况。在我国，影响中央空调系统能源不能得到有效利用的主要因素有三方面，首先，在设计过程中重视投资成本，而忽略了能耗指标计算，在整个系统方案中，缺乏节能引导中央空调系统的经济性分析。导致在工程建筑方案的运行过程中，使用投资低、耗能大、运行费用高的空调系统。其次，对于中央空调而言，整个的系统工程相对复杂，所以对于中央空调能源有效利用的评价，要从整个系统全面来看，而不能单纯地停留在对机器设备本身的评价上，真正意义上的节能是与各个系统设计理念、施工优劣情况以及运行管理水平和建筑物热特性等因素息息相关，而不是只看重设备本身。最后，还有一个主要的因素，就是缺乏高素质运行管理人员和节能监控，致使空调系统在运行和管理的过程中没有得到很好地控制和监管，合格的管理人才可以大大改善运行不合理的地方，有利于节能。

建筑节能技术

空调系统的节能技术首先可以从建筑物本身入手，结合建筑、结构等相关知识，使建筑物在形状、色彩、方位及材料等方面为空调节能创造最基础的条件。对于空调位置的安排要进行合理布局，合理设计相关比例与系数，选择保温隔热性能良好的材料作为墙体和屋面，并提高改善建筑围护结构的性能等，都是建筑节能的可行性措施。

2.1选择合理的室内设计参数

在整个建筑物中，主要的热损失来自于围护结构和门窗缝隙空气渗透。因此, 在建筑物进行建筑节能中，注重室内设计中加强围护结构，使用环保、节能型建筑材料, 可有效地减少通过围护结构的传热这一主要的空调负荷, 从而各主要设备的容量达到显著的节能效果。通过这种方法进行保温隔热，同时加强门窗的气密性。另外，在夏季空调供冷时，室内外侧玻璃受阳光照射，是空调冷负荷的主要部分，应采取必要的遮阳措施。而在冬季空调供热时，则要求改善窗户的保温效果，可以采用光热性能好的玻璃为了减少窗的冷(热)桥传热，可以采用钢塑窗代替铝合金窗同时还可以采用双层玻璃窗提高窗的保温性。在窗户的设计位置上要减小窗洞口与墙的面积比值减少空调房间两侧温差大的外墙面积及其薄弱环节窗的面积，利于空调建筑节能。

2.2合理设计建筑结构

合理的设计建筑结构也是进行空调节能的一个有效途径之一。可以通过改善建筑的保温隔热性能，使房间内冷热量的损失通过房间的墙壁和门窗传递出去，这样可以有效地减少建筑物的冷热负荷。建筑物的朝向对空调冷负荷有很大的影响，根据我国的地理位置来分析确定良好的建筑朝向，一般建筑物为南朝向是我国建筑节能的必要条件，可以通过保持合理的建筑间距以及建筑群的错落布局，使建筑物接受适当的太阳辐射，同时有利于获得自然通风气流。

空调设计方面节能

在面积较大的空调房内，在空调房内区的负荷与周边区的相比较差距较大，如果两个区域选择使用一个空调系统进行制冷，两个空调房区域的房间的将会产生较大的温差，尤其是在冬季及过渡季节，所以同时处于两个不同区域的工作人员对环境空间的温度反映冷热温差较大，，根据我国在2001年版的《采暖通风与空气调节设计规范》新增5.3.2条之规定,建筑物内负荷特性相差较大的内区与周边区,以及同一时间内必须分别进行加热与冷却的房间,宜分别设置空气调节系统.。内区系统主要处理室内负荷，与外区负荷相比，内区负荷则相对稳定，内区往往需要全年供冷，去除室内余热。外区系统主要处理外部得热，外区负荷波动大，外区新风来源一般是内区空调系统，与外区回风混合经风机盘管处理后达到送风点，外区冬季供暖，夏季供冷，从而满足舒适性要求。

空调系统中的节能技术

空调系统如何适应在低负荷下高效节能运行及在系统设计中对设备进行节能选配就成为空调节能的关键。

4. 1 加强中央空调的运行管理和控制设备的调节控制

提高空调能源的有效利用，需提高操控人员的职业素质，避免由于管理不善而引起的空调耗能。操控人员要做好设备运行记录，分析机组各种压力表、温度计、流量计的读数是否正常准确，并根据空调负荷的变化调节机组，确保机组运行在节能状态，而且定期保养检查，及时更换磨损的零件。

4. 2 设备及管道的保温及水质处理

要实现降低能量的过多耗费这一目标，就要做好设备及管道的保温。保温的目的是为了阻绝内外温度传递，如果室外的温度小于空调排水的温度加保温是为了防止空调水管结冰冻裂水管，如果环境温度大于空调排水温度加保温是为了防止有冷凝水造成漏水。空调设备和管道的保温，对于节省能量消耗、降低运行费用也是相当重要的。空调能耗高还有一个重要的原因，就是空调系统中水管中水质的污染。

5、建筑空调系统设备的节能运行技术

设备的节能运行技术在建筑空调系统综合节能技术中, 其也至关重要。主要技术包括: 蓄能空调技术、热回收技术、变频技术等。

5.1蓄能空调技术

蓄能系统就是储蓄在不需要的冷/热量或需要的冷/热量减少的时间的过程中,制冷/热设备将蓄冷/热介质中所移出的热量，并在空调处于用冷/热或工艺性的用能高峰时，启动此能量。这样既减少了能源的流失，又可以有效地利用能源，既有经济效益又有社会效益, 是一项双赢的节能举措。

5.2 热回收技术

热回收技术包括排风余热回收和制冷机组的冷凝热回收。排风余热回收充分利用排风的能量, 对其进行回收，从而对新风进行预冷或预热,减小新风负荷是暖通空调节能的重要途径。制冷机组的冷凝热回收系统既可以避免冷凝热排放到大气中造成热污染, 又可以节省为提供热水而设的锅炉及其附属设备, 避免了由于燃料的燃烧向大气排放的有害物, 应该说是一种效果明显, 又有环保作用的节能技术。

5.3变频技术

随着电力电子技术和计算机控制技术的不断发展，在空调控制系统中变频器也得到了广泛的应用，它的应用主要是针对空调控制系统的特点而进行控制。不同类型的冷水机组都有较完善的自动控制调节装置, 能随负荷变化自动调节运行状况, 保持高效率运行，从而实现了一种既能达到控制要求又能节约能源的方法。

5.4太阳能空调技术

太阳能是绿色能源中最重要的能源, 太阳能的热利用是目前建筑中利用太阳能的主要利用形式。它包括被动式和主动式两种形式。被动式太阳能房的结构相对简单、造价低、不需要任何辅助能源, 通过建筑方位合理布置和建筑构件的恰当处理, 以自然热交换方式来利用太阳能。主动式太阳房结构较为复杂,造价较高,需要用电作为辅助能源。采暖降温系统由太阳集热器、风机、泵、散热器及储热器等组成。在建筑外围护结构中还可采用太阳能集热墙, 利用太阳能采暖。

6、结束语

能源问题是我国实现经济发展的重点问题之一，建筑空调节能技术是节约能源、改善环境、促进经济可持续发展的有效措施。空调系统在高负荷下高效节能运行以及在系统设计中选配节能设备是建筑空调节能的关键因素， 这对于节约能源、降低运行费用、促进国民经济发展具有十分重要的意义。在未来的建筑物中，在空调系统设计方面，要在节约能源以及有效利用能源这两方面引起高度重视。只要各方共同努力，空调系统的节能降耗问题的解决指日可待。

参考文献：

[1] 农孙仁. 中央空调系统节能改造探析[J]. 企业科技与发展. 2012(18)

[2] 叶宁. 中央空调系统的节能运行[J]. 科技资讯. 2012(03)

[3] 李令言. 中央空调节能控制系统的研究与开发[D]. 中国科学技术大学 2011

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Comfort applications aim to provide a building indoor environment that remains relatively constant in a range preferred by humans despite changes in external weather conditions or in internal heat loads.

Air conditioning makes deep plan buildings feasible, for otherwise they'd have to be be built narrower or with light wells so that inner spaces receive sufficient outdoor air via natural ventilation. Air conditioning also allows buildings to be taller since wind speed increases significantly with altitude making natural ventilation impractical for very tall buildings. Comfort applications for various building types are quite different and may be categorized as

Low-Rise Residential buildings, including single family houses, duplexes, and small apartment buildings

High-Rise Residential buildings, such as tall dormitories and apartment blocks

Commercial buildings, which are built for commerce, including offices, malls, shopping centers, restaurants, etc.

Institutional buildings, which includes hospitals, governmental, academic, and so on.

Industrial spaces where thermal comfort of workers is desired.

In addition to buildings, air conditioning can be used for many types of transportation - motor-cars and other land vehicles, trains, ships, aircraft, and spacecraft.

Process applications aim to provide a suitable environment for a process being carried out, regardless of internal heat and humidity loads and external weather conditions. Although often in the comfort range, it is the needs of the process that determine conditions, not human preference. Process applications include these:

Hospital operating theatres, in which air is filtered to high levels to reduce infection risk and the humidity controlled to limit patient dehydration. Although temperatures are often in the comfort range, some specialist procedures such as open heart surgery require low temperatures (about 18 °C, 64 °F) and others such as neonatal relatively high temperatures (about 28 °C, 82 °F).

Cleanrooms for the production of integrated circuits, pharmaceuticals, and the like, in which very high levels of air cleanliness and control of temperature and humidity are required for the success of the process.

Facilities for breeding laboratory animals. Since many animals normally only reproduce in spring, holding them in rooms at which conditions mirror spring all year can cause them to reproduce year-round.

Aircraft air conditioning. Although nominally aimed at providing comfort for passengers and cooling of equipment, aircraft air conditioning presents a special process because of the low air pressure outside the aircraft[vague].

Data processing centers

Textile factories

Physical testing facilities

Plants and farm growing areas

Nuclear facilities

Chemical and biological laboratories

Mines

Industrial environments

Food cooking and processing areas

In both comfort and process applications the objective may be to not only control temperature, but also humidity, air quality and air movement from space to space.

汽车空调系统

一些汽车都配备了自动气候控制系统来调节车内温度自动。气候控制模块是一台电脑的显示器并调整到用户设定的温度。温度由加热器控制，实现了理想的温度由冷空气从空调，热风组合。鼓风机电机速度控制的固态速度控制器。该控制器的电气控制风机电机的转速，并取代传统的电阻器鼓风机马达系统。

典型的空调系统配置

空调和供热单位提供了热感舒适，里面无论什么温度外面的乘客。内的空气可以被加热，冷却，消毒或通风。气候控制功能有助于保持理想的温度。该系统提供制冷，制热和气候控制的空调（供暖，通风，空调）系统而闻名。流体力学，热力学与传热的基本原理提供冷，热特定的系统。你的气候控制设置允许所有三到携手合作，实现良好的室内空气质量，热舒适性和最佳的压力。

气候控制系统故障码可以存储问题时，在系统检测。你可以通过按控制面板上在同一时间两个或多个按钮的代码。要了解如何为您检索故障码车辆检查您的用户手册或请教维修手册。当代码检索系统启用了故障代码将出现在温度控制头。维修后已作出系统将需要重新启用，这是通过断开45秒重新连接电池和蓄电池进行。测试可以随时中止转动钥匙到关闭的位置。

压缩机

空调压缩机是空调系统的制冷剂泵。压缩机压缩制冷剂，并在系统内部循环到冷凝器，然后到蒸发器。蒸发器制冷剂在被释放的压力，造成了在寒冷的蒸发器造成的压力下降，低压制冷剂，然后返回到压缩机被重新加压。空调压缩机是由一个驱动器带，是由发动机和可从事电磁线圈和脱离对压缩机的前面。

空调压缩机

为了维持空调系统的压缩机驱动皮带应定期检查效率。如果磨损或退化，应更换。该系统的软管应恶化，气泡，裂纹和硬化或油质残留检查，所有可能泄漏的迹象。正确的制冷剂充应始终保持低系统制冷剂充是一个弱交流系统的共同事业。气味会发达的空调系统时，对真菌生长的蒸发器的核心。温暖潮湿的环境提供了真菌，它具有吸湿成长完美的温床。气雾消毒剂可用于纠正这种状况。虽然空调系统上运行的全高设置激活recirculation功能，喷雾消毒（来苏，Ozium）进入了交流系统入口（根据对乘客的侧划线），要知道无论你喷将出来上部通风口，所以你可能不希望在任何通风孔前你的脸时，做此过程。气味可以防止重复整个夏季，这个程序会定期返回。

基本维护

汽车充电套件可在任何汽车配件商店，在建议购买可与荧光染料制冷剂，可以帮助指出任何制冷剂泄漏的位置。该套件将指示添加制冷剂安全。防护眼镜时，应使用冷媒罐加压处理。

有时错误，树叶和尘埃颗粒可以停留在冷凝器翅片。异物和污垢，可清洗花园的压缩空气软管帮助或强行通过散热器及冷凝器直至干净倒退。

注：空调系统始终在压力之下，直至系统完全放电，没有维修或拆卸应该执行。保护眼睛应始终修理或维修时穿的空调系统。