专业英语~麻烦各位翻译一下
配方锅 Prescription pot
冷冻锅 Frozen pot
澄清桶 Clarify barrels
沉降桶 Settlement barrels
板框压滤机 Plate and frame filter
碱液泵 Lye pump
盐水泵 Salt water pumps
重洛酸钾配制槽 Luo prepared potassium-trough
烧碱高位槽 Soda high slot
泥浆高位槽 Mud high slot
滤液出贮槽 Filtrate from Tank
压滤机 Filter Press
盐酸贮槽 Hydrochloric acid tank
反应槽 Reaction groove
反应釜 Reactor
化工泵 Chemical Pump
料池 Liu Chi
旋风除尘器 Cyclone
1#-6#粉碎机 1 # - 6 # mill
台秤 Bench
鼓风机 Blower
防爆照明开关箱 Explosion-proof lighting switch box
调速控制器 Speed Controller
变频器 Inverters
旋风料斗 Tornado hopper
尾气喷淋塔 Exhaust spray tower
振动筛 Shaker
旧干燥自动抖袋除尘器 Automatic drying buffeting the old bag filter
搅拌器 Agitator
数字显示仪 Digital indicator
仪表盘 Dashboard
盐酸高位槽 Hydrochloride high slot
盐水高位槽 Brine high slot
电解槽(A) Electrolyzer (A)
尾气吸收塔 Exhaust absorber
三氟泵 Trifluoromethyl pump
反应器(A) Reactor (A)
尾气冷却器 Exhaust Cooler
数字显示仪 Digital indicator
指针显示仪 Guidelines indicator
仪表盘 Dashboard
西门子真空泵 Siemens pumps
洗液池 Lotion pool
真空缓冲罐 Vacuum buffer tank
压榨罐 Crushing cans
配方锅 Prescription pot
破碎机 Crusher
粗药泵 Rough drug pump
电解压泵 Electric pump to extract the
电动葫芦Electric hoist
Electric hoist bridge crane is a small light lifting equipment. Gourd with small size, light weight, simple operation, easy-to-use features such as for industrial and mining enterprises, storage terminals and other places.By electric hoist motor, drive mechanism and the composition of drum or sprocket can be used alone can also be assembled together with the car flying in the use of a crane beam, LH electric double-beam bridge crane hoist with the traditional double-beam bridge crane is the difference between electric hoist drum to replace the small car, motor. Reducers, brakes and other lifting devices. This article mainly deals with electric hoist bridge crane to do the main body of analysis and calculation, including the electric hoist lifting body, and the operation of car bodies.
本系列电动葫芦是在CD1型电动葫芦的基础上改进设计的轻小型起重设备,有 CD和MD种型号。CD型0.5t-5t电动葫芦起升速度(8m/min);MD型0.5t-5t起升速度(8m/min)和(0.8 m/min),CD型10t 起升速度 (7 m/min);MD型10t起升速度 (7 m/min)和(0.7 m/min),CD104型16(20)t 起升速度 (3.5 m/min);MD104型16(20)t起升速度 (3.5 m/min)和(0.35 m/min)。
(二)用途
CD和MD电动葫芦( 以下简称葫芦)用于安装在架空工字钢轨道(直线、曲线)上或固定在构架上,吊运各种重物。常与电动单梁、电动双梁桥式、葫芦门式起重机等配套。广泛使用于工厂、矿山、铁路、码头、仓库及服务性行业。是一种能适应多种工况使用的起重设备,它尤能胜任下列工作:
1、用于公共设施、建筑起吊搬运……
2、用于机械加工工厂,设备安装、机床上零部件的装卸,成品的搬运……
3、用于流水线生产……
4、用作简单的升降设备,搬运物品、提升货物……
(三)适应范围
CD、MD 型电动葫芦是一般用途的钢丝绳式电动葫芦,基准工作级别M3,接电持续率为25%,每小时的等效起动次数不超过120次。
葫芦主电路的额定电压为交流380伏,额定频率为50赫。
葫芦的工作环境温度为–25℃~+40℃。
葫芦不适应于充满腐蚀性气体或相对湿度大于85%的场所,不能代替防爆葫芦,不宜吊运熔化金属或有毒、易燃易爆物品。
二、结构原理
本电动葫芦由锥形转子电动机、减速器、卷筒装置、联轴器、导绳器、吊钩装置、电动小车、驱动装置和电器等部件组成。各部件在结构上可以相对独立,维修调整方便。
1、ZD 1型三相交流锥形转子电动机为本电动葫芦起升的原动力,ZDY1型三相交流锥形转子电动机为电动小车的原动力,其转子、定子均为锥形结构。本系列电动机为断续额定工作方式,负荷持续率为25%,每小时等效起动次数为120次。
2、锥形转子电动机的结构具有产生轴向磁拉力的特点(见图9),制动摩擦片4安装在风扇制动轮3上,锁紧螺母2和螺钉1把风扇制动轮紧固于电机转子轴后端。起动时磁拉力克服弹簧5的压力,使转子和与转子连接一体的风扇制动轮产生轴向位移,制动环与后端盖6脱开,转子自由转动(即工作状态)。断电后,磁拉力消失,在压力弹簧的作用下,风扇制动轮与端盖刹紧,依靠锥形面产生的摩擦力,获得制动作用。在额定负荷下制动时,重物下滑距离不应超过起升速度的1/100,否则,应进行调整。调整时,将螺钉1松开,拧锁紧螺母2,以增加弹簧5的压力,获得较大的制动力矩。调整间隙C一般以1.5毫米为宜。可通过反复起动,观察电机轴轴向窜动量测得。CD10吨和CD104-16(20)吨锥形电动机间隙调整方法与上述方法相反。
3、减速器采用圆柱斜齿轮三级减速,驱动装置采用圆柱直齿轮二级减速,齿轮及齿轮轴用合金结构钢制造,并经过热处理。壳体均为铸铁制造,装配严密,灰尘不易侵入。
4、MD型电动葫芦除起升电动机换成双电机组外,其他部分与CD型电动葫芦相同。双电机组由主起升电机①、慢速起升电机②和慢速驱动装置组成。主起升电机工作时,由于慢速起升不接电处于制动状态,慢速驱动装置不动,电动葫芦快速运行。慢速起升电机工作时,通过慢速驱动装置带动主起升电机锥形转子旋转。此时,主起升电机不接电处于制动状态,电动葫芦慢速运行,这样就产生了两种起升速度。
5、0.5吨、1吨、2吨、3吨、5吨的卷筒,当起升高度为6米至12米时用铸铁制成;当起升高度大于12米,用无缝钢管制造。卷筒一端经花键与减速器连接,另一端则经卷筒轴承架于主电机的端盖伸出的轴承位上。钢丝绳缠绕在卷筒的绳槽内,绳端用压绳板紧固在卷筒上,更换钢丝绳时只须须启动电机,使压绳板螺栓露在卷筒外壳缺口处即可拆下。
6、0.5吨、1吨、2吨、3吨、5吨的吊钩装置为单滑轮式;10-20吨的吊钩装置为双滑轮式。滑轮用铸铁制造;吊钩用优质碳素结构钢模锻而成,悬于横梁内单弄推力球轴承上,通过横梁、吊钩外壳与滑轮连接。
7、导绳器由导绳螺母、导绳板、连接钢带组成。导绳螺母切成5块,由连接钢带和导绳板连成一体。钢丝绳从导绳板长形槽内伸出。导绳螺母与卷筒绳槽啮合,卷筒转动驱动导绳螺母横向移动,以此保证钢丝绳在卷筒绳槽中不致乱扣。
导绳板向卷筒两端横向移动,当达到极限位置时,带动安装在卷筒外壳上的限们杆一齐移动,到达极限位置触动安装在主电机上的限位开关而起限位作用。
电动葫芦工作时,应垂直起吊重物。如确需斜拉起吊,一般斜拉不允许偏离卷朦胧螺纹槽±3.5°,否则会使钢丝绳乱扣,甚至会损坏导绳器。
8、当按控制按钮的“↑”按钮时,所吊重物向上提升。若情况相反,则电机反旋转。此时,只要将两相接线对调,然后,将吊钩小心提升运动应停止在离吊钩装置顶部距卷筒外壳≥fmm安全内。(f为基本尺寸表3中相应值)。
9、0.5吨、1吨、2吨、3吨、5吨的电动小车在起升高度为6米、9米时,(包括0.5吨12米)装有4个走轮;当起升高度等于和大于12米时,外加带有两个走轮的小架板。此时,电动小车与卷筒外壳的连接处增装2个关节轴承。10-20吨的电动葫芦由2个电动小车和2个关节轴承与卷筒外壳连接。为适应不同型号的工字钢,在螺栓的两端装有调整垫圈。
10、电动葫芦主电机的力矩通过弹性联轴器传递给减速器。联轴器能吸收冲击载荷,获得平衡起动。
11、电动葫芦的操纵是由悬挂式按钮开关及装在电动小车侧面的电动葫芦控制箱来实现的。本葫芦采用软缆引入线、通过软缆引入器,将电流引入电器控制箱,安装方便。 用翻译软件就可以获得答案
这里只有电视葫芦兄弟,还有关于葫芦的介绍
Calabash Brothers (Chinese: 葫芦兄弟) is a Chinese animation TV series produced by Shanghai Animation Film Studio. It is also referred to as "Bottle Gourd Brothers", "Hulu Brothers" and "Seven Brothers".
Background
In the 1980s the series was one of the most popular animation in China. While it has been praised as much as Havoc in Heaven domestically, it was released at a point when the Chinese animation industry was in a relatively downed state compared to the rest of the international community. Still, the series was translated into 7 different languages. The episodes were produced with a vast amount of paper-cut animations lead by Zhou Keqin who became the director of paper-cut animations in 1975[1].
[edit] Story
Legend has it that two demons were jailed in the Calabash Mountains, one a Scorpion spirit and the other a Snake spirit. One day, a pangolin happens to drill a hole on the slope and the two spirits escape from the cave, causing grave harm to the nearby residents. The pangolin hurries to an old man and says that only by growing calabashes in seven colors can they annihilate the spirits. So the old man spares no time in growing seven calabashes, each a different color of the rainbow: red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue, and purple.
The calabashes ripen sequentially, falling off their stems to the ground, and transforming into seven boys. Each has a unique supernatural ability such as super-strength, enhanced hearing and sight, invisibility, and pyrokinesis, as well as a weakness. With a combined effort, they set on a mission to defeat the demons in a 13 episode-long adventure. [2].
[edit] Seven Brothers
Big Brother (Red): Has super-strength and is able to grow to immense proportions at will. He is a headstrong individual, albeit slightly gullible. Attempting to storm the spirits' fortress, he fell into an illusion trap laid by the spirits, and was imprisoned for most of the series. Being the eldest, he is referred to as the "big" brother, which is also fitting with his abilities.
Second Brother (Orange): Has enhanced hearing and sight. He is the wittiest of his brothers, often coming up with effective strategies against enemy forces. He fell victim to the spirits' enchanted mirror, and was blinded for part of the series. He also partially lost his hearing, but was able to recover it along with his sight. He was able to use his recovered abilities and quick thinking to work with his Sixth Brother in a plan to free all the brothers that were trapped in the fortress.
Third Brother (Yellow): Has invulnerability. He is a fearless individual, but is also the most impulsive (so much so he left the vine before he was ready to transform). Like his eldest brother, he attempted to storm the fortress, but his over-confidence allowed him to be trapped by an enchanted Urumi. Before capture, he successfully shattered the enchanted mirror, thus preventing the spirits from spying on the Calabash Mountains anymore.
Fourth Brother (Green): Able to create and control fire at will. Although he does not require a source to draw fire from, he is particularly sensitive to the cold, which causes him to become drowsy and fall asleep. The spirits' gave him a special "cooling" wine that put him to sleep before freezing him in a block of ice. The Fourth and Fifth brothers transformed one right after the other, and as a result are closer to one another.
Fifth Brother (Cyan): Able to create and control water at will. While he has a higher tolerance against fire, his ability to create water is limited, and he at times requires to draw from an external source. His affinity with water gave him a taste for wine, and the spirits' were able to trap him when he became drunk. The Fourth and Fifth brothers transformed one right after the other, and as a result are closer to one another.
Sixth Brother (Blue): Is able to become invisible and sometimes incorporeal, enabling him to escape even when he has been caught. He is the most mischievous of his brothers, and enjoys using his powers to wreak havoc within the spirits' fortress. Being invisible, he was able to steal an artifact from the spirits to release his captured brothers. Due to the time the Second Brother spent with his younger brothers while recovering, the two of them are closer to one another, and the older sometimes scolds the younger for sidetracking on his tasks to have fun.
Little Brother (Purple): Although lacking any powers of his own, the youngest brother possesses a magical gourd which is able to draw anything he wishes into its center. He is also able to use it to manipulate the emotions of others. He is the most affectionate and trusting of his brothers, even willing to hand over his gourd when asked. He was brainwashed by the spirits to serve them, and used his magical gourd to draw his brothers into its centerthe spirits then took the gourd from him and drew him in as well. He was able to recover his senses in the final episode, and reclaimed his gourd to trap the spirits
Calabash(这是关于葫芦的介绍)
The calabash or Bottle gourd (not to be confused with the calabaza) is a vine grown for its fruit, which can either be harvested young and used as a vegetable or harvested mature, dried, and used as a bottle, utensil, or pipe. For this reason, one of the calabash subspecies is known as the bottle gourd. The fresh fruit has a light green smooth skin and a white flesh. However the rounder varieties are called Calabash gourds whereas the longer and slimmer kinds are usually well known as Bottle gourds.
The calabash was one of the first cultivated plants in the world, grown not for food but as a container. It was named for the calabash tree (Crescentia cujete), a different type of plant.
Culinary and other uses
The calabash, as a vegetable, is frequently used in southern Chinese cuisine as either a stir-fry or in a soup. The Chinese name for calabash is hulu (simplified Chinese: 葫芦traditional Chinese: 葫芦pinyin: húlu) or huzi (Chinese: 葫子pinyin: húzi) in Mandarin.
In Japan, the vegetable is known as hyōtan (瓢箪, 瓢箪?) or yūgao (夕颜?). It is most commonly sold in the form of dried, marinated strips known as kanpyō, which are used in place of seafood in a form of vegetarian makizushi (rolled sushi).
In Korea, it is known as bak (박) or jorongbak (조롱박).
In Italian cuisine, it is known as cucuzza (plural cucuzze).
In Central America, the seeds of the Calabash gourd are toasted and ground with other ingredients (including rice, cinnamon, and allspice) to make the drink horchata. Calabash is known locally as morro or jícaro.
In Tanzania, the pulp coated seeds of the Calabash are known as buyu (singular)/mabuyu (plural). These sour pulp coated seeds are gently cooked with sugar and coloured with food colouring and sold as sweets in coastal towns.
In India, it is known as lauki in Urdu or dudhi or ghiya in Hindi, Jatilao in Assamese, lau in Bengali, sorakaya in Telugu, dudhi-Bhopala in Marathi, sorekayi in Kannada, and suraikkaai (சுரைக்காய் colloq. sorakkay) in Tamil. In parts of India, the dried, unpunctured gourd is used as a float (called surai-kuduvai in Tamil) to learn swimming in rural areas. The dried and cored thick outer skin has traditionally been used to make musical instruments like the tanpura, veena, etc. [1]
In Arabic it is called qara. In Bangladesh it is called lau or kumra/komra. The tender young gourd is cooked as a summer squash.
The shoots, tendrils, and leaves of the plant may also be eaten as greens.
Additionally, the gourd can be dried out and used to smoke pipe tobacco. A typical design yielded by this squash is recognized in (theatrically) the pipe of Sherlock Holmes. But Doyle never mentions Holmes using a calabash pipe. It was the preferred pipe for stage actors portraying Holmes, because they could balance this pipe better than other styles while delivering their lines.
希望对你有帮助啊~~~~~~~~GOOD LUCK~~~~
Electrical Hoist is a crane combined by electromotor, speed reducer, roller,brake and crown block. It can be fixed, and also can be assembled with trolly and beam to become single-beam brige crane, twins beam brige crane and electric gantry crane, who can be used for winding with a little modification.
When designing the shaft parts, we need fully consider every neccessary specifications such as the material, heat treatment and precision etc.Besides, we need consider the problems which may occur in or after design, and solve them in time. We should design in accordance with the requirements such as:
* meeting the requirements of strength and stiffness,
* improving the radiating performance and preventing thermal deformation,
* rational structure, and
* good mould and manufacturability.
This article synthetically explains how to confirm the related equipments, cutting parameters, process designing and machining quality analysis with consideration on selcting shaft blank, manufacturing process and final inspection.
This article consists of five parts, Part 1 to introduce why to study this project, Part 2 to explain the electrical hoist's application and function, Part 3 to specify the process for shaft parts of hoist, Part 4 to analyse the problems which may happen in the manufacturing process and the reason and the way to solve the problems, and Part 5 to check if the finished shaft meets the requirements based on the drawings.
Kaiyuan Shi crane factory in Tieling hoist gantry crane installed Manual: hoist gantry crane apply to indoor and outdoor, and the storage, loading and unloading cargo in the freight yard. Is the ground, two kinds of control rooms manipulate form. From the weight of 10 t, span LK = 18m, up from 6-10 m high crane running at 20-50 m / min. Gantry crane hoist the hoisting mechanism used electric hoist, the structure of the type for me, compact, light weight, the most suitable for indoor and outdoor, storage, loading and unloading freight yard use (see the goal total)
Figure 1, 2 hyacinth, the main beam 3, outrigger 4, under the beams 5, 6 control room, installation and set up a remote control: the beams under the A, B respectively on the side of the track on both sides, and then by welding outrigger , A, B connect with bolts, spot welding after connecting on two reinforcement (see Figure 2 below).
Figure 2 rail outrigger angle steel beams under the temporary reinforcement 2, Outrigger will be erected, the legislature legs, above the reinforcement, the painting above the outrigger on the centerline, also painted under the crossbar on the centerline, 1000 measured and used to catch the two center coincidence, the spot welding and ramps on both sides of the support, and by measuring round-foot line along the right angle, diagonal, so that both sides were equal after the spot-welding ramps on both sides of the support, and under the cross Liang four fixed good (see Figure 3 shows).
Figure 3
3, 1) main beam combination: respectively, according to A1, A2 docking main beam, the docking will be able to wear Lianjie Ban pieces of bolt holes fixed (see Figure 4).
Figure 4
welded I-beam, will be from top to bottom I-beam reinforcement plate 1, 2, as shown by welding (see Figure 5).
Figure 5
the two sides will be installed after the welding, and then the main beam welded joints, and welding and reinforcing plates (see Figure 6).
Figure 6 2), the main beam and overturned into the character down, with Dianmudianqi. Installation of electric hoist, trolley wires and walking tractors line pulley cable (see Figure 7).
Figure 7
3), the main beam Diaoqi combination with the outrigger, wearing Kok bolt holes (see Figure 8).
Figure 8
4), removal of ramps support, control rooms will be the next beams, electrical installation and install large carts operating limit switches, limit-foot (see Figure 9).
Figure 9
3 to check electric hoist (before installation) and reducer, and to add gear oil.
1, create reinforced concrete foundation, according to the base map of single lifting arm , anchor bolts and basic templates provided by our company
2, after basis curing time, hoist upright column, adjust horizontal position of column 's floor, generally correct column'sverticality.
3, hoist the gear box above the column, after it is connected with the cantilever, under condition of lacking a rotating turbine gear reducer, pull cantilever rotating with a rope, cantilever can stop at any point within 360 degrees(If there is a position can not be stoped at, should adjust the column)
4, after confirming the cantilever can stop at any point, install electric hoist, electric control box and the rotating turbine gear reducer, connect all parts of the power, check if the power connection is reliable.
5, connect to the main power,run no-load operation, observe the operating status of each part, machine should have no abnormal noise.
轻小型起重设备的特点是轻便、结构紧凑,动作简单,作业范围投影以点、线为主。轻、小型起重设备,一般只有一个升降机构,它只能使重物作单一的升降运动。属于这一类的有:千斤顶、滑车、手(气、电)动葫芦、绞车等。电动葫芦常配有运行小车与金属构架以扩大作业范围。
电动葫芦
CD1、MD1型系列钢丝绳电动葫芦系在原CD、MD型基础上的改进型产品。它具有结构紧凑、轻巧、安全可靠、零部件通用程度大,互换性强、起重能力高、维修方便等特点,是用途广泛,深受欢迎的轻型起重设备。
该葫芦有固定式和小车式两类。固定式按固定支脚在上、下、左、右位置不同又分为A1、A2、A3、A4四种型式,可直接安装在构架上使用,小车式具有运行功能,可安装在轨道上使用。
2.桥架起重机
可在长方形场地及其上空作业,多用于车间、仓库、露天堆场等处的物品装卸,有梁式起重机、桥式起重机、缆索起重机、运载桥等。
(1)梁式起重机:梁式起重机主要包括单梁桥式起重机和双梁桥式起重机
单梁桥式起重机桥架的主梁多采用工字型钢或钢型与钢板的组合截面。起重小车常为手拉葫芦、电动葫芦或用葫芦作为起升机构部件装配而成。
按桥架方式分为支承式和悬挂式两种。前者桥架沿车梁上的起重机轨道运行;后者的桥架沿悬挂在厂房屋架下的起重机轨道运行。单梁桥式起重机分手动、电动两种。手动单梁桥式起重机各机构的工作速度较低,起重量也较小,但自身质量小,便于组织生产,成本低,适合用于无电源后搬运量不大,对速度与生产率要求不高的场合。手动单梁桥式起重机采用手动单轨小车作为运行小车,用手拉葫芦作为起升机构,桥架由主梁和端梁组成。主梁一般采用单根工字钢,端梁则用型钢或压弯成型的钢板焊成。
电动单梁桥式起重机工作速度、生产率较手动的高,起重量也较大。电动单梁桥式起重机由桥架、大车运行机构
(2)桥式起重机:
桥式起重机是桥架在高架轨道上运行的一种桥架型起重机,又称天车。桥式起重机的桥架沿铺设在两侧高架上的轨道纵向运行,起重小车沿铺设在桥架上的轨道横向运行,构成一矩形的工作范围,就可以充分利用桥架下面的空间吊运物料,不受地面设备的阻碍。
桥式起重机的特点是可以使挂在吊钩或其他取物装置上的重物在空间实现垂直升降或水平运移。桥式起重机包括:起升机构,大、小车运行机构。依靠这些机构的配合动作,可使重物在一定的立方形空间内起升和搬运。桥式起重机、装卸桥、冶金桥式起重机、缆索起重机等都属此类。
桥式起重机广泛地应用在室内外仓库、厂房、码头和露天贮料场等处。桥式起重机可分为普通桥式起重机、简易梁桥式起重机和冶金专用桥式起重机三种。
普通桥式起重机一般由起重小车、桥架运行机构、桥架金属结构组成。起重小车又由起升机构、小车运行机构和小车架三部分组成。
起升机构包括电动机、制动器、减速器、卷筒和滑轮组。电动机通过减速器,带动卷筒转动,使钢丝绳绕上卷筒或从卷筒放下,以升降重物。小车架是支托和安装起升机构和小车运行机构等部件的机架,通常为焊接结构。
(3)门式起重机一般根据门架结构形式、主梁形式、吊具形式来进行分类。一般用于港口。
按门框结构形式分
(a)全门式起重机:主梁无悬伸,小车在主跨度内进行。
(b)半门式起重机:支腿有高低差,可根据使用场地的土建要求而定。
(c)双悬臂门式起重机:最常见的一种结构形式,其结构的受力和场地面积的有效利用都是合理的。
按主梁结构形式分
(a)单主梁门式起重机
单主梁悬臂门式起重机结构简单,制造安装方便,自身质量小,主梁多为偏轨箱形架结构。与双主梁门式起重机相比,整体刚度要弱一些。因此,当起重量Q≤50t、跨度S≤35m时,可采用这种形式。单主门梁式起重机门腿有L型和C型两种形式.L型的制造安装方便,受力情况好,自身质量较小,但是,吊运货物通过支腿处的空间相对小一些。C型的支脚做成倾斜或弯曲形,目的在于有较大的横向空间,以使货物顺利通过支脚。
(b)双梁桥式起重机
双梁桥式起重机由直轨、起重机主梁、起重小车、送电系统和电器控制系统组成,特别适合于大悬挂和大起重量的平面范围物料输送。
双梁桥式起重机承载能力强,跨度大、整体稳定性好,品种多,但自身质量与相同起重量的单主梁门式起重机相比要大些,造价也较高。根据主梁结构不同,又可分为箱形梁和桁架两种形式。一般多采用箱形结构。
3.臂架起重机
臂架式起重机的特点与桥式起重机基本相同。可在圆形场地及其上空作业,多用于露天装卸及安装等工作,有门座起重机、浮游起重机、桅杆起重机、壁行起重机和甲板起重机等。
臂架式起重机包括:起升机构、变幅机构、旋转机构。依靠这些机构的配合动作,可使重物在一定的圆柱形空间内起重和搬运。臂架式起重机多装设在车辆上或其他形式的运输(移动)工具上,这样就构成了运行臂架式旋转起重机。如汽车式起重机、轮胎式起重机、塔式起重机、门座式起重机、浮式起重机、铁路起重机等。
(1)悬臂起重机
有立柱式、壁挂式、平衡起重机三种形式.
①柱式悬臂起重机是悬臂可绕固定于基座上的定柱回转,或者是悬臂与转柱刚接,在基座支承内一起相对于垂直中心线转动的由立柱和悬臂组成的悬臂起重机。它适用于起重量不大,作业服务范围为圆形或扇形的场合。一般用于机床等的工件装卡和搬运。
柱式悬臂起重机多采用环链电动葫芦作为起升机构和运行机构,较少采用钢丝绳电动葫芦和手拉葫芦。旋转和水平移动作业多采用手动,只有在起重量较大时才采用电动。
②壁上起重机是固定在墙壁上的悬臂起重机,或者可沿墙上或其他支承结构上的高架轨道运行的悬臂起重机。
壁行起重机的使用场合为跨度较大、建筑高度较大的车间或仓库,靠近墙壁附近处吊运作业较频繁时最适合。壁行起重机多与上方的梁式或桥式起重机配合使用,在靠近墙壁处服务于一长方体空间,负责吊运轻小物件,大件由梁式或桥式起重机承担。
③平衡起重机俗称平衡吊,它是运用四连杆机构原理使载荷与平衡配重构成一平衡系统,可以采用多种吊具灵活而轻松地在三维空间吊运载荷。平衡起重机轻巧灵活,是一种理想的吊运小件物品的起重设备,被广泛用于工厂车间的机床上下料,工序间、自动线、生产线的工件、砂箱吊运、零部件装配,以及车站、码头、仓库等各种场合
(2)塔式起重机
一般用在工地上,吊运物资。
(3)门座起重机
(4)流动式起重机
流动式起重机一般可分为汽车起重机(汽车吊)、轮胎起重机(轮胎吊)、越野轮胎起重机、全路面起重机、履带起重机(履带吊)、特种起重机。
汽车起重机英文名Truck Crane,国内用 QY 表示,如 QY20/20t 汽车起重机(汽车吊)。将起重机吊台安装在通用或专用载重汽车底盘上的一种起重机。一般是一些小吨位的吊车,在国内目前见到最多的就是这种吊车。
全路面起重机英文名All Terrain Crane,国内用QAY表示。全路面起重机的主要特点是:其行驶驾驶室与起重操纵室分开设置、结构紧凑、重量轻、外形尺寸小、具有良好的行驶性能;底盘悬挂方式为油气悬挂、减震效果明显;能根据路面高低不平自动调平车架、使爬坡能力更强;可实现全轮转向、全桥驱动、转弯半径小、可蟹形行走、使用范围更广;可根据需要升高或降低车架高度、以提高行驶性能和通过能力;支腿跨距大、作业稳定性好;可以不受前方区域的限制、360度全方位作业;工作时须支腿、不能负荷行驶。
这个分类太多了,下图可供参考:
起重机械,根据其构造和性能的不同,一般可分为轻小型起重设备备、桥式类型起重机械和臂架类型起重机,缆索式起重机四大类。轻小型起重设备如:千斤顶、气动葫芦、电动葫芦、平衡葫芦(又名平衡吊)、卷扬机等。桥架类型起重机械如梁式起重机等。臂架类型起重机如固定式回转起重机、塔式起重机、汽车起重机、轮胎起重机、履带起重机等。缆索式起重机如升降机等。
按起重性质分:流动式起重机、塔式起重机、桅杆式起重机。
按驱动方式分:一类为集中驱动,即用一台电动机带动长传动轴驱动两边的主动车轮;另一类为分别驱动、即两边的主动车轮各用一台电动机驱动。中、小型桥式起重机较多采用制动器、减速器和电动机组合成一体的“三合一”驱动方式,大起重量的普通桥式起重机为便于安装和调整,驱动装置常采用万向联轴器。
按结构形式,起重机主要分为轻小型起重设备、桥架式(桥式、门式起重机)、臂架式(自行式、塔式、门座式、铁路式、浮船式、桅杆式起重机)、缆索式。
1.轻小起重设备
轻小型起重设备的特点是轻便、结构紧凑,动作简单,作业范围投影以点、线为主。轻、小型起重设备,一般只有一个升降机构,它只能使重物作单一的升降运动。属于这一类的有:千斤顶、滑车、手(气、电)动葫芦、绞车等。电动葫芦常配有运行小车与金属构架以扩大作业范围。
电动葫芦
CD1、MD1型系列钢丝绳电动葫芦系在原CD、MD型基础上的改进型产品。它具有结构紧凑、轻巧、安全可靠、零部件通用程度大,互换性强、起重能力高、维修方便等特点,是用途广泛,深受欢迎的轻型起重设备。
该葫芦有固定式和小车式两类。固定式按固定支脚在上、下、左、右位置不同又分为A1、A2、A3、A4四种型式,可直接安装在构架上使用,小车式具有运行功能,可安装在轨道上使用。
2.桥架起重机
可在长方形场地及其上空作业,多用于车间、仓库、露天堆场等处的物品装卸,有梁式起重机、桥式起重机、缆索起重机、运载桥等。
(1)梁式起重机:梁式起重机主要包括单梁桥式起重机和双梁桥式起重机
单梁桥式起重机桥架的主梁多采用工字型钢或钢型与钢板的组合截面。起重小车常为手拉葫芦、电动葫芦或用葫芦作为起升机构部件装配而成。
按桥架方式分为支承式和悬挂式两种。前者桥架沿车梁上的起重机轨道运行;后者的桥架沿悬挂在厂房屋架下的起重机轨道运行。单梁桥式起重机分手动、电动两种。手动单梁桥式起重机各机构的工作速度较低,起重量也较小,但自身质量小,便于组织生产,成本低,适合用于无电源后搬运量不大,对速度与生产率要求不高的场合。手动单梁桥式起重机采用手动单轨小车作为运行小车,用手拉葫芦作为起升机构,桥架由主梁和端梁组成。主梁一般采用单根工字钢,端梁则用型钢或压弯成型的钢板焊成。
电动单梁桥式起重机工作速度、生产率较手动的高,起重量也较大。电动单梁桥式起重机由桥架、大车运行机构
(2)桥式起重机:
桥式起重机是桥架在高架轨道上运行的一种桥架型起重机,又称天车。桥式起重机的桥架沿铺设在两侧高架上的轨道纵向运行,起重小车沿铺设在桥架上的轨道横向运行,构成一矩形的工作范围,就可以充分利用桥架下面的空间吊运物料,不受地面设备的阻碍。
桥式起重机的特点是可以使挂在吊钩或其他取物装置上的重物在空间实现垂直升降或水平运移。桥式起重机包括:起升机构,大、小车运行机构。依靠这些机构的配合动作,可使重物在一定的立方形空间内起升和搬运。桥式起重机、装卸桥、冶金桥式起重机、缆索起重机等都属此类。
桥式起重机广泛地应用在室内外仓库、厂房、码头和露天贮料场等处。桥式起重机可分为普通桥式起重机、简易梁桥式起重机和冶金专用桥式起重机三种。
普通桥式起重机一般由起重小车、桥架运行机构、桥架金属结构组成。起重小车又由起升机构、小车运行机构和小车架三部分组成。
起升机构包括电动机、制动器、减速器、卷筒和滑轮组。电动机通过减速器,带动卷筒转动,使钢丝绳绕上卷筒或从卷筒放下,以升降重物。小车架是支托和安装起升机构和小车运行机构等部件的机架,通常为焊接结构。
(3)门式起重机一般根据门架结构形式、主梁形式、吊具形式来进行分类。一般用于港口。
按门框结构形式分
(a)全门式起重机:主梁无悬伸,小车在主跨度内进行。
(b)半门式起重机:支腿有高低差,可根据使用场地的土建要求而定。
(c)双悬臂门式起重机:最常见的一种结构形式,其结构的受力和场地面积的有效利用都是合理的。
按主梁结构形式分
(a)单主梁门式起重机
单主梁悬臂门式起重机结构简单,制造安装方便,自身质量小,主梁多为偏轨箱形架结构。与双主梁门式起重机相比,整体刚度要弱一些。因此,当起重量Q≤50t、跨度S≤35m时,可采用这种形式。单主门梁式起重机门腿有L型和C型两种形式.L型的制造安装方便,受力情况好,自身质量较小,但是,吊运货物通过支腿处的空间相对小一些。C型的支脚做成倾斜或弯曲形,目的在于有较大的横向空间,以使货物顺利通过支脚。
(b)双梁桥式起重机
双梁桥式起重机由直轨、起重机主梁、起重小车、送电系统和电器控制系统组成,特别适合于大悬挂和大起重量的平面范围物料输送。
双梁桥式起重机承载能力强,跨度大、整体稳定性好,品种多,但自身质量与相同起重量的单主梁门式起重机相比要大些,造价也较高。根据主梁结构不同,又可分为箱形梁和桁架两种形式。一般多采用箱形结构。
3.臂架起重机
臂架式起重机的特点与桥式起重机基本相同。可在圆形场地及其上空作业,多用于露天装卸及安装等工作,有门座起重机、浮游起重机、桅杆起重机、壁行起重机和甲板起重机等。
臂架式起重机包括:起升机构、变幅机构、旋转机构。依靠这些机构的配合动作,可使重物在一定的圆柱形空间内起重和搬运。臂架式起重机多装设在车辆上或其他形式的运输(移动)工具上,这样就构成了运行臂架式旋转起重机。如汽车式起重机、轮胎式起重机、塔式起重机、门座式起重机、浮式起重机、铁路起重机等。
(1)悬臂起重机
有立柱式、壁挂式、平衡起重机三种形式.
①柱式悬臂起重机是悬臂可绕固定于基座上的定柱回转,或者是悬臂与转柱刚接,在基座支承内一起相对于垂直中心线转动的由立柱和悬臂组成的悬臂起重机。它适用于起重量不大,作业服务范围为圆形或扇形的场合。一般用于机床等的工件装卡和搬运。
柱式悬臂起重机多采用环链电动葫芦作为起升机构和运行机构,较少采用钢丝绳电动葫芦和手拉葫芦。旋转和水平移动作业多采用手动,只有在起重量较大时才采用电动。
②壁上起重机是固定在墙壁上的悬臂起重机,或者可沿墙上或其他支承结构上的高架轨道运行的悬臂起重机。
壁行起重机的使用场合为跨度较大、建筑高度较大的车间或仓库,靠近墙壁附近处吊运作业较频繁时最适合。壁行起重机多与上方的梁式或桥式起重机配合使用,在靠近墙壁处服务于一长方体空间,负责吊运轻小物件,大件由梁式或桥式起重机承担。
③平衡起重机俗称平衡吊,它是运用四连杆机构原理使载荷与平衡配重构成一平衡系统,可以采用多种吊具灵活而轻松地在三维空间吊运载荷。平衡起重机轻巧灵活,是一种理想的吊运小件物品的起重设备,被广泛用于工厂车间的机床上下料,工序间、自动线、生产线的工件、砂箱吊运、零部件装配,以及车站、码头、仓库等各种场合
(2)塔式起重机
一般用在工地上,吊运物资。
(3)门座起重机
(4)流动式起重机
流动式起重机一般可分为汽车起重机(汽车吊)、轮胎起重机(轮胎吊)、越野轮胎起重机、全路面起重机、履带起重机(履带吊)、特种起重机。
汽车起重机英文名Truck Crane,国内用 QY 表示,如 QY20/20t 汽车起重机(汽车吊)。将起重机吊台安装在通用或专用载重汽车底盘上的一种起重机。一般是一些小吨位的吊车,在国内目前见到最多的就是这种吊车。
全路面起重机英文名All Terrain Crane,国内用QAY表示。全路面起重机的主要特点是:其行驶驾驶室与起重操纵室分开设置、结构紧凑、重量轻、外形尺寸小、具有良好的行驶性能;底盘悬挂方式为油气悬挂、减震效果明显;能根据路面高低不平自动调平车架、使爬坡能力更强;可实现全轮转向、全桥驱动、转弯半径小、可蟹形行走、使用范围更广;可根据需要升高或降低车架高度、以提高行驶性能和通过能力;支腿跨距大、作业稳定性好;可以不受前方区域的限制、360度全方位作业;工作时须支腿、不能负荷行驶。
轮胎起重机(轮胎吊)Rough Terrain Crane,国内可生产轮胎起重机(轮胎吊)。
履带起重机(履带吊)Crawler Crane。
下面是各种流动式起重机的简介:
1.汽车起重机
汽车起重机:汽车起重机英文名Truck Crane,国内用QY表示,如QY20/20t汽车起重机(汽车吊)。将起重机安装在通用或专用汽车底盘上底盘性能等同于同样整车总重的载重汽车,符合公路车辆的技术要求,因而可在各类公路上通行无阻。此种起重机一般备有上、下车两个操纵室,作业时必需伸出支腿保持稳定。起重量的范围很大,可从8吨~1000吨,底盘的车轴数,可从2~10根。是产量最大,使用最广泛的起重机类型。
国内首台5桥6节臂100吨级汽车起重机
2.轮胎起重机
轮胎起重机(轮胎吊)Rough Terrain Crane,国内没有轮胎起重机(轮胎吊)。起重部分安装在特制的充气轮胎底盘上的起重机。上下车合用一台发动机,行驶速度一般不超过30KM/H,车辆宽度也较宽,因此不宜在公路上长距离行驶。具有不用支腿吊重及吊重行驶的功能,适用于货场、码头、工地等移动距离有限的场所的吊重作业。由于不用支腿吊重及吊重行驶经常出现一些事故,目前国内各大吊装广东顺发起重设备有限公司已经逐渐的取消吊重行驶功能。轮胎起重机的主要特点是:其行驶驾驶室与起重操纵室合二为一、是由履带起重机(履带吊)演变而成,将行走机构的履带和行走支架部分变成有轮胎的底盘,克服了履带起重机(履带吊)履带板对路面造成破坏的缺点,行驶的速度也较履带起重机(履带吊)快;作业稳定、起重量大、可在特定范围内吊重行走、但必须保证道路平整坚实、轮胎气压符合要求、吊离地面不得超过50CM;禁止带负荷长距离行走。为保证作业安全,目前国内基本上禁止不打支腿进行吊装作业。
3.越野轮胎起重机
工作中的越野轮胎起重机
是70年代发展起来的一种起重机,其吊重功能与轮胎起重机相似,也可进行不用支腿吊重及吊重行驶。所不同的是底盘的结构形式及由独特的底盘结构所带来的行驶性能的提高。这种起重机的发动机均装在底盘上,底盘有两根车轴及四个大直径的越野花纹轮胎。四个车轮均为驱动轮及转向轮,当在泥泞不平的工地上转移工位时,四个车轮都传递动力,即四轮驱动,以提高通过泥泞地面及不平路面的能力。当在平坦路面以较快速度行驶时,只用前轴或后轴的两个车轮驱动,以减少能耗。在起重机的随机文件中,用4×4表示四轮驱动,4×2表示4个车轴中有两个车轮是驱动轮。该车型适合狭小的场地作业。可实现连续无级变速,在路面阻力突变的情况下发动机也不会熄火,因而极大的方便了司机的操作。可以所越野轮胎起重机是一种性能扩展了的、强力而灵活的轮胎起重机。
4.全地面式
也叫全路面起重机,是一种兼有汽车起重机和越野起重机特点的高性能产品。它既能像汽车起重机一样快速转移、长距离行驶,又可满足在狭小和崎岖不平或泥泞场地上作业的要求,即行驶速度快,多桥驱动,全轮转向,三种转向方式,离地间隙大,爬坡能力高,可蟹形行走,是一种极有发展前途的产品。但价格较高,对使用和维护水平要求较高。
5.履带起重机
三一履带起重机在广东台山核电站施工
履带起重机(履带吊)Crawler Crane,国内一般用QUY表示。但是三一的吊车为跟国际接轨,使用英文命名规则,其履带吊代号为SCC(SANY Crawler Crane的英文头字母)。履带吊的主要特点是:其行驶驾驶室与起重操纵室合二为一、接地面积大、对地面的平均压力较小、稳定性好、可在松软、泥泞地面作业;牵引系数高、爬坡度大、可在崎岖不平的场地上行驶;但履带吊行驶速度慢、而且行驶过程要损坏路面、因此转场作业时需要通过平板拖车装运、机动性差。
6.特种起重机
为完成某种特定任务而研制的专用起重机。例如:为机械化部队实施战术技术保障用的、装在越野汽车或装甲车上的起重轮救车;为处理交通事故用的公路清障车等,均属此类。
起重机的工作类型:指起重机工作忙闲程度和载荷变化程度的参数。
工作忙闲程度,对起重机来说,就是指在一年总时间内,起重机的实际运转时数与总时数之比;对机构来说,则是指一个机构在一年时间内运转时数与总时数之比。在起重机的一个工作循环中,机构运转时间所占的百分比,称为该机构的负载持续率,用JC表示。
载荷变化程度,按额定起重量设计的起重机在实际作业中,起重机所起吊的载荷往往小于额定起重量。这种载荷的变化程度用起重量利用系数k表示。k=起重机在全年实际起重量的平均值/起重机的额定起重量。
根据起重机的工作忙闲程度和载荷变化程度,通常把起重机的工作类型划分为:轻级、中级、重级和特重级4种级别。
起重机的工作类型和起重量是两个不同的概念,起重量大,不一定是重级,起重量小,也不一定是轻级。如水电站用的起重机的起重量达数百吨,但使用机会却很少,只有在安装机组、修理机组时才使用,其余时间都停歇在那里,所以尽管起重量很大,但还是属于轻级。又如车站货场用的起重机,虽然起重量不大,但工作非常繁忙,属于重级工作类型。
起重机的工作类型与安全性能有着十分密切的关系。起重量、跨度、起升高度相同的起重机,如果工作类型不同,在设计制造时,所采取的安全系数就不相同,也就是零部件型号、尺寸、规格各不相同。如钢丝绳、制动器由于工作类型不同,安全系数不同(轻级安全系数小、重级安全系数大),所选出的型号就不相同。再如同是10t的桥式起重机,对于中级工作类型(JC=25%)的起升电动机功率为N=16KW,而对于重级工作类型(JC=40%)起升电动机功率则为N=23.5KW。
从以上情况可知,如果把轻级工作类型的起重机用在重级工作类型的场所,起重机就会经常出故障,影响安全生产。所以在安全检查时,要注意起重机的工作类型必须与工作条件相符合。
起重机特性曲线:由起重机结构的承载能力、臂架的起重能力和整机抗倾覆稳定性三条曲线的包络线。
7.缆索式
缆索式主要指升降式起重机俗称升降机,特点是重物或取物装置只能沿导轨升降。升降机虽只有一个升降机构,但在升降机中,还有许多其他附属装置,所以单独构成一类,它包括:电梯、货梯、升船机等。除此以外,起重机还有多种分类方法。例如,按取物装置和用途分类,有吊钩起重机、抓斗起重机、电磁起重机、冶金起重机、堆垛起重机、集装箱起重机和援救起重机等;按运移方式分类,有固定式起重机、运行式起重机、自行式起重机、拖引式起重机、爬升式起重机、便携式起重机、随车起重机等;按驱动方式分类,有支承起重机、悬挂起重机等;按使用场合分类,有车间起重机、机器房起重机、仓库起重机、贮料场起重机、建筑起重机、工程起重机、港口起重机、船厂起重机、坝顶起重机、船上起重机等。