急求专业人士帮忙翻译陶瓷制作过程英文
翻译如下：
Clay mining (good works can only be achieved by clay with high plasticity and stability according to the size of ore vein, color, quality).
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Purified treatment (water winnowing method, removing sand and gravel).
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Soil training (in order to make the water in the clay soft and hard and eliminate bubbles, animal power, human training and machine training can be used).
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Molding processing (hand kneading, mud strip, ceramic plate, blank drawing, grouting, blank lathing, extrusion, heavy pressing... Making pottery by various molding methods).
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Decoration (by sculpture, or the change of multi-color soil, it can be scraped, cut, pressed, printed, pasted, inlaid and hollowed out).
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Drying (natural shade drying at room temperature or drying at 35 ~ 200 ℃).
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Decoration (yin and Yang engraving, or makeup soil).
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Plain burning (about 700 ~ 850 ℃ or 1000 ~ 1250 ℃) (remove crystal water, organic matter and air in the green soil, and increase the green body strength).
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Glazing (glazing can be done by pouring, spraying, painting, pouring, dipping, etc. spray a little water on the plain blank before glazing, and do not apply too thick to prevent shrinkage and crack of the glaze).
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Glaze firing (clay ware 950 ~ 1100 ℃, cylinder ware 1100 ~ 1200 ℃, hard pottery 1180 ~ 1280 ℃, light porcelain 960 ~ 1050 ℃, porcelain 1300 ~ 1400 ℃, high alumina ware 1400 ~ 1850 ℃, electric kiln, gas kiln, firewood kiln and heavy oil kiln).
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Finished product - secondary firing method (with underglaze color or monochrome glaze, multiple glaze color and crystalline glaze).
——One time firing method (reducing the plain firing process).
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Decoration (overglaze color, decal paper).
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Roasted flowers (low temperature barbecue about 750 ~ 850 ℃).
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Finished products (including pastel or overglaze and underglaze products).
原文：
黏土采类（依矿脉大小、颜色品质好坏、可塑性及稳定性高的粘土，方能成就好的作品）。
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处理纯净（以水簸法，去砂石）。
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练土（为求黏土中水份软硬一致，消除气泡，可用兽力、人练、机器练土）。
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成型加工（手捏、泥条、陶板、拉坯、注浆、镟坯、挤出、重压、各成型法作陶）。
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装饰（以雕塑法，或多色土之变化，可用刮、切、压、印、黏贴、镶嵌、镂空）。
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乾燥（室温自然阴乾或烘乾35～200℃）。
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装饰（阴阳刻划，或化妆土）。
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素烧（约700～850℃或1000～1250℃）（去除坯土中之结晶水、有机物、空气，且可增加坯体强度）。
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上釉（可淋、喷、彩绘、灌、浸．．．等方法上釉，上釉前先喷少许水份於素坯上，不可施太厚，以防缩釉、裂釉）。
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釉烧（土器950～1100℃、缸器1100～1200℃、硬质陶器1180～1280℃、轻质瓷960～1050℃、瓷器1300～1400℃、高铝器1400～1850℃、窑具以电窑、瓦斯窑、柴窑，重油窑）。
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成品——二次烧成法（有釉下彩或单色釉、多重釉彩、结晶釉）。
——一次烧成法（减少素烧过程）。
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装饰（釉上彩、贴花纸）。
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烤花（低温烧烤约750～850℃）。
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成品（含粉彩或釉上和釉下并存称斗彩制品）。
陶瓷的英文：porcelain
porcelain
英 ['pɔːs(ə)lɪn] 美 [ˈpɔrsələn]
n. 瓷；瓷器
adj. 瓷制的；精美的
例句：
1.Place them in a jam jar, porcelain bowl, or other similar container.
将它们装入果酱罐、瓷碗或其他类似容器中。
2.There were lilies every-where in tall white porcelain vases.
高高的白色瓷瓶上绘满了百合花。
3.Arlott squirrelled away books, pictures and porcelain plates.
阿洛特将书本、图片和瓷盘瓷碟都藏起来。
扩展资料词组短语：
pottery and porcelain 陶瓷；陶瓷器
blue and white porcelain 青花瓷；青花瓷器
red porcelain 紫砂
porcelain tile 瓷砖
porcelain ware 瓷器
porcelain clay n. 瓷土
porcelain enamel 搪瓷；瓷釉
porcelain insulator 瓷绝缘体，瓷隔电子
ancient porcelain 古瓷
porcelain crucible 瓷坩埚
glazed porcelain 玻璃瓷
porcelain cup 瓷杯，瓷盆；瓷盘绝缘子
porcelain dish 瓷皿，瓷蒸发皿
household porcelain 日用瓷
ceramics 畅通词汇
英 [sɪ'ræmɪks] 美 [sə'ræmɪks]
n. （用作单）制陶术。
n. (用作复）陶器。
This hall exhibits jadeware and ceramics.
这个馆陈列的是玉器和陶器。
These values are as much the subject of the gallery as are the sculptures, bronzes and ceramics produced by the different societies which have inhabited this huge area.
这些价值观可以从这片广袤地区上的雕塑，铜器，以及陶器所体现出来。
近义词：
earthenware 畅通词汇
英 ['ɜːθnweə(r)] 美 ['ɜːrθnwer]
n. 陶器。
She poured some water into the earthenware jug.
她向那个陶罐里倒了些水。
His grandfather gave her an earthenware bowl.
他的祖父给了她一个陶碗。
One, wash kaolin is the best raw materials for firing porcelain, for thousands of years, how many high-quality goods ceramics are from these humble clay evolved, the first process porcelain: Amoy mud, is to wash into usable porcelain clay.
Two, pile of mud Amoy good porcelain clay could not immediately use, to separate, pile into the column, to facilitate the storage and the use.
Three, the good will of porcelain clay into a large turntable, by rotating the turntable, hands and drawing tools, will pull into a porcelain porcelain clay.
Four, Indian slab pull porcelain good is only a prototype, but also need to do shape selecting different impression will porcelain printing into various shapes.
Five, trimming the freshly printed rough uneven thickness, through the process of trimming printed blank shaving neat and trim.
Six, Na Na water water is an essential procedure, namely, use clean water to remove the dust on the blank, prepare for the next draw billet, glaze etc..
Seven, paint painting blank in blank is one of the characteristics of ceramic art, painting blank has many kinds, a style, a good paste paper sketches, no matter how painting blanks are ceramic process punchline.
Eight, glazed porcelain painting good, rough and Daise, good glaze is completely different, smooth and bright: glazing technique is different, have different effect.
Nine, kiln the Millennium kiln fire, which does not stop, after dozens of tools carved fine porcelain, subjected to thousands of degrees firing in the kiln, just like an ugly duckling into a beautiful swan will reach.
Ten, after several days of Shaolian porcelain, porcelain kiln has become pieces of fine porcelain, from the open door to talent showing itself unable to hold oneself back kiln.
陶器的出现大约在距今1万年左右,中国进入新石器时代,开始了定居生活,盛水、蓄物等日常生活的需要,促使了陶器的发明。中国陶器的分布比较广泛,主要集中的在黄河流域和长江流域。其中仰韶文化是新石器时期比较有代表性的文化类型,以彩陶为特点,也称"彩陶文化",它派生出半坡和庙底沟两个类型,装饰图案有很高的艺术价值。马家窑文化是新石器晚期的文化类型,比仰韶文化略晚,距今约5000年。黑陶是继彩陶之后的又一伟大创造发明,距今约4000年的龙山文化时期,出现了工艺独特的蛋壳陶。近些年来,山东、河北一带多有仿制,有较高的收藏价值。秦汉时期的陶俑,是我国古代人物雕塑的高峰,使制陶技术和艺术达到了很高的境地。此外,唐代的三彩器、明清两代的紫砂器等,都是中国陶器文物的重要内容,很值得深入收藏和研究。
陶瓷(Ceramics),陶器和瓷器的总称。陶瓷的传统概念是指所有以粘土等无机非金属矿物为原料的人工工业产品。它包括由粘土或含有粘土的混合物经混炼,成形,煅烧而制成的各种制品。由最粗糙的土器到最精细的精陶和瓷器都属于它的范围。对于它的主要原料是取之于自然界的硅酸盐矿物(如粘土、长石、石英等),因此与玻璃、水泥、搪瓷、耐火材料等工业,同属于"硅酸盐工业"(Silicate Industry)的范畴。
陶瓷的发展史是中华文明史的一个重要的组成部分,中国作为四大文明古国之一,为人类社会的进步和发展做出了卓越的贡献,其中陶瓷的发明和发展更具有独特的意义,中国历史上各朝各代不同艺术风格和不同技术特点。英文中的"china"既有中国的意思,又有陶瓷的意思,清楚地表明了中国就是"陶瓷的故乡"。
早在欧洲人掌握瓷器制造技术一千多年前,中国人就已经制造出很精美的陶瓷器。中国是世界上最早应用陶器的国家之一,而中国瓷器因其极高的实用性和艺术性而备受世人的推崇。
所谓陶器和瓷器是指用可塑性制瓷粘土和瓷石矿做胎体,用长石和石英等原料制釉,并且通过成型、干燥、烧制而成的制品,主要有日用、艺术、和建筑陶器等三种。考古发现已经证明中国人早在新石器时代(约公元前8000)就发明了陶器。原始社会晚期出现的农业生产使中国人的祖先过上了比较固定的生活,客观上对陶器有了需求。人们为了提高生活的方便,提高生活质量,逐渐通过烧制粘土烧制出了陶器。
随着近代科学技术的发展,近百年来又出现了许多新的陶瓷品种。它们不再使用或很少使用粘土、长石、石英等传统陶瓷原料,而是使用其他特殊原料,甚至扩大到非硅酸盐,非氧化物的范围,并且出现了许多新的工艺。美国和欧洲一些国家的文献已将"Ceramic"一词理解为各种无机非金属固体材料的通称。因此陶瓷的含义实际上已远远超越过去狭窄的传统观念了。
迄今为止,陶瓷器的界说似可概括地作如下描述:陶瓷是用铝硅酸盐矿物或某些氧化物等为主要原料,依照人的意图通过特定的物理化学工艺在高温下以一定的温度和气氛制成的具有一定型式的工艺岩石。表面可施釉或不施釉,若干瓷质还具有不同程度的半透明度,通体是由一种或多种晶体或与无定形胶结物及气孔或与熟料包裹体等微观结构组成。
陶瓷工业是硅酸盐工业的主要分支之一,属于无机化学工业范围.但现代科学高度综合,互相渗透,从整个陶瓷工业制造工艺的内容来分析,它的错综复杂与牵涉之广,显然不是仅用无机化学的理论所能概括的。
陶瓷制品的品种繁多,它们之间的化学成分.矿物组成,物理性质,以及制造方法,常常互相接近交错,无明显的界限,而在应用上却有很大的区别。因此很难硬性地归纳为几个系统,详细的分类法各家说法不一,到现在国际上还没有一个统一的分类方法。
"Ceramic" is a generic term, "Tao" and "Porcelain" in texture, the physical properties there are very different. China was among the first to create one of the countries of pottery, porcelain was one of the first invention.
The emergence of pottery dating back about 1 million years or so, China has entered the New Stone Age, began to settle in life, water, with objects of daily life, such as the need to promote the invention of pottery. Chinese pottery wider distribution, mainly in the Yangtze River and Yellow River Basin. Yangshao culture which is the New Stone Age culture more representative of the type, characterized by painted pottery, also known as the "painted pottery culture", which derived Banpo and Miao Digou two types of decorative patterns, has high artistic value. Majiayao culture is the culture of the late New Stone Age type than a little late Yangshao culture, since about 5000. Black painted pottery is the second after another great invention, since about 4000 the Longshan Culture period, there has been a unique process of eggshell pottery. In recent years, Shandong, Hebei and more in the vicinity of imitation, there is a high value for collection. Qin and Han Dynasty pottery figurine of China's ancient sculpture of the peak figure, so that the ceramic technology and the arts reached a high position. In addition, three of the color of the Tang Dynasty, the Ming and Qing dynasties such as Yixing, China is an important aspect of pottery relics, it is worthy of collection and research.
Ceramics (Ceramics), the general term for pottery and porcelain. Ceramic refers to the traditional concept of all inorganic non-metallic minerals such as clay as raw material of artificial industrial products. It consists of clay from or containing a mixture of clay by kneading, molding, and calcined made of a variety of products. By the most rough-earth to the most refined of the fine pottery and porcelain are it. For its main raw materials are derived from natural silicate minerals (such as clay, feldspar, quartz, etc.), and glass, cement, ceramic, refractory material, such as industry, with an "industrial silicate" (Silicate Industry ) Area.
The history of ceramics is the history of Chinese civilization is an important part of China, as one of the four ancient civilizations, human development and social progress made outstanding contributions, including the invention of ceramics and the development of a more unique significance , The history of China-North Korea on behalf of all the different artistic styles and different technical characteristics. English of "china" China not only mean, ceramics and mean, clearly demonstrates China is the "hometown of pottery."
As early as the Europeans have porcelain manufacturing technology over 1000 years ago, Chinese people have created a very fine ceramics. China is the world's first application of one of the countries pottery, and porcelain from China for its high artistic quality and relevance of the world have attracted much praise.
The so-called pottery and porcelain refers to the use of plastic ware and porcelain clay quarry to do matrix, quartz and feldspar, and other raw materials-glaze, and through the forming, drying, firing from the products, mainly for daily use, art, and architecture Three pottery. Archaeological discoveries have proved that the Chinese people as early as the Neolithic Age (about 8000 BC) invented pottery. The emergence of primitive society with advanced agricultural production so that the ancestors of the Chinese people lead a life of a relatively fixed, the objective of pottery with the demand. In order to improve people's lives easier, improve the quality of life, gradually burn through the burning out of the clay pottery.
With the development of modern science and technology, and the past 100 years there have been many new varieties of ceramics. They no longer use or the use of small clay, feldspar, quartz and other traditional ceramic materials, but the use of other special materials, and even extended to non-silicate, non-oxide scope, and there have been a lot of new technology. The United States and some European countries have literature "Ceramic" understanding of the term for a variety of solid inorganic non-metallic materials known. Therefore, the meaning of ceramics in fact go far beyond the traditional concept in the past the narrow.
To date, the Definition of ceramics may be generally described as follows: The ceramic is aluminum silicate minerals such as oxides or as the main raw material, in accordance with the intention of people through specific physical and chemical processes at a high temperature to a certain degree of Temperature and atmosphere made of a certain type of rock technology. Glazing may be on the surface or glazing, porcelain has a number of different levels of transparency and a half, the species by one or more of the crystal and amorphous or cement and clinker with pores or inclusions, such as micro-structure.
Portland ceramic industry is one of the main branches of industry, belong to the scope of inorganic chemical industry. However, modern science and highly integrated with each other to infiltrate from the ceramic industry as a whole manufacturing process to analyze the contents of its complex and involve wide, is not only Using the theory of inorganic chemistry can be summarized.
A wide variety of ceramic products, their chemical composition. Mineral composition, physical properties, as well as manufacturing methods, often close to each other staggered, no boundaries, and in the application there is a huge difference. Therefore, it is difficult to be summed up in a few hard and fast system, a detailed classification of the various different view, the international community to now there is no uniform classification.
薄胎瓷亦称“脱胎瓷”、“蛋壳瓷”。是景德镇著名传统瓷器品种中久负盛名的特种工艺产品之一。特点是瓷胎薄如蛋壳、透光、胎质用纯釉制成。胎体厚度大多在1毫米以内。
顺便介绍一下陶瓷百科（复制黏贴过来的，供大家交流学习）
陶瓷是陶器和瓷器的总称。中国人早在约公元前8000－2000年（新石器时代）就发明了陶器。陶瓷材料大多是氧化物、氮化物、硼化物和碳化物等。常见的陶瓷材料有粘土、氧化铝、高岭土等。陶瓷材料一般硬度较高，但可塑性较差。除了在食器、装饰的使用上，在科学、技术的发展中亦扮演重要角色。陶瓷原料是地球原有的大量资源黏土经过淬取而成。而粘土的性质具韧性，常温遇水可塑，微干可雕，全干可磨；烧至700度可成陶器能装水；烧至1230度则瓷化，可完全不吸水且耐高温耐腐蚀。其用法之弹性，在今日文化科技中尚有各种创意的应用。
