可再生能源英文

Feed-in Tariff：

上网电价；强制光伏上网电价；回购电价；电价补贴上网电价

08年产能仅次于中国而位居第二的德国，因实施上网电价(Feed-in Tariff)政策(规定政府必须以高于市场价的价格从电力公司购买利用太阳能发电等方式获得的可再生电力)，此前一直在快速增长。

强制光伏上网电价

入“强制光伏上网电价” （ feed-in tariff） ，要求企业和业主安装太阳能电池板，将产生的电能以非常优惠的价格回售给电网。

回购电价

目前，可再生能源通过回购电价（Feed-in Tariff）的形式获得补贴，并且欧盟共有27中补贴系统。但欧洲电力行业联盟表示不应通过补贴的方式来刺激对可再生能源的投入。

电价补贴

过去数年，为扶持太阳能发电产业，欧洲多国采取了强制上网电价补贴(Feed-in Tariff)的激励政策。但同时，巨额补贴开支成为部分政府难以承受的负担。

如何在不破坏气候的情况下解决全球能源危机

This year's energy shock is the most serious since the Middle Eastern oil crises of 1973 and 1979. Like those calamities, it promises to inflict short-term pain and in the longer term to transform the energy industry. The pain is all but guaranteed: owing to high fuel and power prices, most countries are facing soggy growth, inflation, squeezed living standards and a savage political backlash.

今年爆发的能源危机是自1973和1979年中东石油危机以来最为严重的一次。与上述两次石油危机一样，本轮能源危机在短期内会带来经济阵痛，从长期来看将使能源产业发生变革。短期阵痛无可避免：由于燃料和能源价格高企，很多国家都面临着经济增长停滞，通货膨胀攀升，生活水平下降，以及严重的政治反弹。

But the long-run consequences are far from preordained. If governments respond ineptly, they could trigger a relapse towards fossil fuels that makes it even harder to stabilise the climate. Instead they must follow a perilous path that combines security of energy supply with climate security.

但长期后果却绝非在所难免。政府如应对拙劣，则有可能会导致向化石能源倒退，要稳定气候将难上加难。相反，政府必须走一条既能保障能源供给安全又能实现气候安全的艰险之路。

In Europe what was long imagined as a nightmare of freezing midwinter nights has instead erupted as a midsummer fever dream. A hearwave forced Spanish gas demand to near-record highs, even as, on June 14th, Russia began to lower the flow of gas along the Nord Stream 1 pipeline to Western Europe,sending prices soaring by 50% and raising fears that rationing may be introduced later this year.

在欧洲，长期以来人们想象中的噩梦场景是天寒地冻的隆冬夜晚，现在却被仲夏高温热浪的噩梦所侵袭。热浪侵袭迫使西班牙天然气需求暴涨至接近历史最高水平，在此之际，6月14日俄罗斯却开始削减北溪1号管道向西方的天然气供应，刺激天然气价格飙升50%，人们也日益担心今年晚些时候恐要实行能源定额供给。

Elsewhere, Americans are paying $5 for a gallon of petrol(€1.25 a litre), fuelling the inflation that opinion polls say it their biggest worry and President Joe Biden's worst headache. Australia's power market has failed. Everywhere you look there are shortages and fragility.

再看其他地区，美国的石油价格已涨至5美元一加仑（合1.25欧元每升），进一步推高了通胀，民调显示这是人们最大的担忧，也是拜登总统最头痛的问题；澳大利亚的电力市场已经崩溃。放眼全球，到处都遭受着短缺和脆弱。

Energy shocks can become political catastrophes. Perhaps a third of the rich world's inflation of 8% is explained by soaring fuel and power costs. Households struggling to pay bills are angry, leading to policies aimed at insulating them and boosting fossil-fuel production, however dirty.

能源危机有可能会演变成政治灾难。发达国家8%的通胀率中有三分之一是由燃料及动力成本飙升造成的。普通家庭难以维持生计，怨声载道，迫使政府采取政策平息民怨，增加肮脏化石燃料的生产。

Mr Biden, who came to power promising a green revolution, plans to suspend petrol taxes and visit Saudi Arabia to ask it to pump more oil. Europe has emergency windfall levies, subsidies, price caps and more. In Germany, as air-conditioners whine, coal-fired power plants are being taken out of mothballs. (...) and India state-run mining firms that the climate-conscious hoped were on a fast track to extinction are digging up record amounts of coals.

拜登上台时承诺要发起一场绿色革命，现在却计划暂停征收燃油税，并将访问沙特阿拉伯，游说其增加石油产量。欧洲采取紧急额外征税、补贴、限价及其他措施。由于空调使用量大增，德国正重启燃煤电厂。环保主义者心心念念希望能快速关停的(...)和印度的国有矿企，产煤量创下历史新高。

This improvised chaos is understandable but potentially disastrous, because it could stall the clean-energy transition. Public handouts and tax-breaks for fossil fuels will be hard to withdraw. Dirty new power plants and oil-and gasfields with 30-to 40-year lifespans would give their owners more reason to resist fossil-fuel phase-outs. That is why, even as they firefight, governments must focus on tackling the fundamental problems confronting the energy industry.

煤炭复兴临时搅局，虽有情可原但恐会造成灾难性后果，因为它或会延迟清洁能源转型。一旦对化石能源提供公共拨款和税收减免，将很难撤销。新建”肮脏“燃煤电厂和油气田的生命周期为30到40年，这就让其所有者更有理由抵制对化石燃料进行逐步淘汰。这就是为何政府即使采取救急措施，也必须关注于解决能源产业所面临的基础问题。

One priority is finding a way to ramp up fossil-fuel projects, especially relatively clean natural gas, that have an artificially truncated lifespan of 15-20 years so as to align them with the goal of dramatically cutting emissions by 2050. In particular Europe and Asia, which must wean themselves off Russian gas and coal respectively, have too little liquefied natural gas(LNG) capacity.

一个当务之急是想办法增加使用寿命人为截短到15到20年的化石燃料项目，特别是相对清洁的天然气项目，以符合2025年大幅减排的目标。尤其是必须分别摆脱对俄罗斯天然气和石油依赖的欧洲和亚洲，液化天然气接收设施却非常有限。

The trick is to get business to back schemes designed to be shortlived. One option is for governments and energy grids to offer guaranteed contracts over this period that provide an adequate return on the understanding that capacity will be shut down early. Another is to pledge eventual state support to make these projects cleaner, for example through carbon capture and storage.

解决办法是鼓励企业投资针对短期设计的项目。一种做法是以提前关停生产为条件，政府和能源电网与企业签定保障性合同以保障其获得足够利润。另一种做法是政府承诺最终给予支持对这些项目进行环保改造，比如采取碳捕获与存储的途径。

This does not mean easing up on the drive towards renewables-the most successful part, to date, of the world's generally poor response to the climate crisis. Every extra kilowatt-hour from the sun fed into Europe's electricity grids is one fewer that comes down a Russian pipeline. Governments must improve the reach, capacity and storage capabilities of their grids and remove the obstacles that continue to make it harder to add renewable capacity than it should be. The design of power grids and markets is squarely a matter for governments and they are too often trapped in 20th-century thinking.

这并不意味着放松推动可再生能源转型，迄今为止总体而言全球对气候危机反应不够积极，可再生能源转型算是其中最积极的响应对策。每多一千瓦时太阳能进入欧洲电网，就等于减少了一千瓦时俄罗斯通过管道输送的天然气。政府必须提高电网的覆盖范围、容量和存储量，并消除障碍把可再生能源发电容量接入电网，这本不该如此困难。电网和市场设计完全是政府的责任，但政府却常常陷于20世纪的旧思维之中。

As our Technology Quarterly reports, 21st-century thinking turns on new ways to provide smart, resilient grids with the zero-carbon "firm" power that makes dependence on renewables safe and effective. Hydrogen stripped from water with renewable electricity, or from natural gas with steam in facilities that store the emissions, may be crucial here. So, in many places, may nuclear power. Climate-conscious atomic enthusiasts often focus on whizzy but unproven small-scale nuclear plants. What matters more is to improve the building of big ones.

正如我们的科技季刊所报道的，21世纪思维会寻求新方法，打造智能坚韧的电网，提供零碳”稳定“电力，安全高效使用可再生能源。利用可再生电力从水中提炼氢，或在碳存储设施中利用蒸汽从天然气中提炼氢，也许是关键所在。在很多地方开发核能也会起到重要作用。有环保意识的原子能爱好者往往关注于新式但未经检验的小型核电站。更重要的是如何改进大型核电站的修建。

Where there is strong and co-ordinatd anti-nuclear opinion, governments must win support by showing that there are better safeguards against accidents (see Culture section) and new ways to store waste, as our report from Finland explains(see Science &technology section). Politicaians need to tell voters that their desire for an energy transition that eschews both fossil fuels and nuclear power is a dangerous illusion.

在公众一致强烈反对核能的国家，政府务必要赢得民众支持，途径是向民众展示，如我们关于芬兰的报道所解释的（请看科学与技术专栏），有更好的安全措施预防事故发生，有新的方法存储核废料。政客需要告知选民，希望同时放弃化石燃料和核能而实现能源转型只是个危险的幻想。

The last necessity is to make the industry predictable. That may sound strange given that 20th-century energy markets coped with wars, coups, revolutions, booming Chinese demand and new technology. But the climate transition has added an extra layer of uncertainty even as it simultaneously requires a massive increase in investment. In order to reach net-zero emissions by 2050, annual investment needs to double to $5trn a year, according to the International Energy Agency. The risk is that this latest crisis, and the chaotic government response to it, make investors warier instead.

最后是有必要实现能源产业的可预测。考虑到20世纪能源市场应对了战争、政变、革命、中国需求激增及新科技出现，这么说听起来很奇怪。虽然实现气候转型需要大幅增加投资，但同时气候转型也额外添加了一丝不确定性。据国际能源组织预测，为了在2050年实现净零排放，每年的投资额需加倍至5万亿美元。风险在于，最新的这场能源危机以及政府应对上的混乱无序，反而会让投资者更为谨慎。

Spurring investment means eschewing gimmicks including greenwashing, protectionist plans to build domestic green supply chains, and silly prohibitions by banks on gas projects. Instead it will require steadily extending measures with more certainty about which energy sources can be used and for how long.

刺激投资意味着不要耍花招，比如漂绿、建立国内绿色供应链等保护主义方案，以及愚蠢地禁止银行投资天然气项目等。相反，刺激投资需要稳步扩大推行能够提高关于可用能源来源及使用寿命确定性的措施。

That means enhanced disclosure so that firms understand the externalities they create, an expansion of carbon prices so that they have a sense of the cost of pollution, and regulations that mandate the phasing out of dirty technologies. The great energy shock of 2022 is calamity. But it could also be the moment when better government policy triggers the investment needed to resolve the conflict between having a safer supply of energy and a safer climate.

这意味着加强信息披露，使企业了解自己创造的外部因素；扩大碳价应用范围，使企业污染成本；制定规章，强制逐步淘汰肮脏技术。2022年的能源危机是灾难性的，但它也可能是一个让政府制定出更好政策以鼓励投资的时机，解决能源供应安全与气候安全的冲突离不开投资。

中国可再生能源规模化发展项目管理办公室China's large-scale renewable energy development project management office

国家电力公司/水利部The State Power Company / Ministry of Water Resources

水力电力机械科技信息网Hydraulic Power Machinery Technology Information Network

瑞典政府投资促进署The Swedish government investment promotion department

中国电机工程学会热电专委会Chinese Society of Electrical Engineering thermoelectric special committee meetings

中国资源综合利用协会China Association of Resources Comprehensive Utilization

可再生能源专委会The renewable energy professionals

华北电力设计院North China Electric Power Design Institute

河南电力设计院Henan Electric Power Design Institute

Renewable Energy Certificates：可再生能源证书，是在市场上可以进行交易的可再生能源电力证明，也被称作绿色证书、绿色标签、可交易再生证书。由专门的认证机构给可再生能源产生的每1兆瓦电力（绿色电力）颁发一个专有的号码证明其有效性，也即是1兆瓦电力就是1个REC，电力商获得REC之后就可以在市场上进行交易，在2006年，REC价格从5美元到90美元不等，均价约20美元。

在美国、澳大利亚[Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000：2000年可再生能源（电力）法案]，可再生能源电力交易以REC为载体；在欧洲，则以ROC（可再生能源义务证书）和其他形式为载体。

智能电力网络

他认为，目前，社会上使用的智能电网概念实际上是商业流行语，英语为Smart grid，原意为智能网格或智能网，这个概念又包括智能电子网格、智能电力网格、聪明网格和未来网格等涵义。由于智能产品，例如智能卡、智能玩具、智能家电、智能锁等不一定是网络互联的产品，智能电网也不一定实现消费者和电网经营者的互联。倘若维持互联，也不一定就是主动互联，例如，有些远程抄表业务客户更多的就是被动接受。所以，准确地说，智能电网实际上就是智能电力网络，即：Smart Power Grid。另外，美国也将智能电网称为unified smart grid，可直译为统一智能电网，它是将局域分散的智能电网结合成全国性的网络体系。欧洲也有人将其称为super smart grid，可直译为超级智能电力网格或超级智能电网，它是将广域电力输送网络同智能电网结合起来的广域智能网格，其可能适用的范围涉及到欧盟、北非、中东等国家。 为此，信息化电网或者说智能电网的意味因应跨区、跨国和跨洲之电网体系的不同，因应每一个国家电网实际运转情况而内涵、称谓都会有所不同。美国和欧洲的电网缆线不少是一网（电力网）一线（电力线），目前解决的主要主题是构建互联数据网。中国不是联邦制，电网主要在中央手里，应该发展一网（电力网）多线（添附光纤线），需要解决的主题包括数据网、通信网、视频网等多目标的合成，因此，它不但需要推进电网消费者和消费者之间的互动，也需要推进消费者和电网管理者之间大规模的互动。

编辑本段互动电网的定义

互动电网英文为Interactive Smart Grid，智能电网的含义已涵盖其中。 其定义为：在开放和互联的信息模式基础上，通过加载系统数字设备和升级电网网络管理系统，实现发电、输电、供电、用电、客户售电、电网分级调度、综合服务等电力产业全流程的智能化、信息化、分级化互动管理，是集合了产业革命、技术革命和管理革命的综合性的效率变革。它将再造电网的信息回路，构建用户新型的反馈方式，推动电网整体转型为节能基础设施，提高能源效率，降低客户成本，减少温室气体排放，创造电网价值的最大化。 互动电网还可以通过电子终端将用户之间、用户和电网公司之间形成网络互动和即时连接，实现电力数据读取的实时、高速、双向的总体效果，实现电力、电讯、电视、智能家电控制和电池集成充电等的多用途开发，实现用户富裕电能的回售；可以整合系统中的数据，完善中央电力体系的集成作用，实现有效的临界负荷保护，实现各种电源和客户终端与电网的无缝互连，由此可以优化电网的管理，将电网提升为互动运转的全新模式，形成电网全新的服务功能，提高整个电网的可靠性、可用性和综合效率。

编辑本段互动电网的模式特点

互动电网的特点

互动电网既是下一代全球电网的基本模式，也是中国电网现代化的核心 实际上，互动电网的本质就是能源替代、兼容利用和互动经济。从技术上讲，互动电网应是最先进的通讯、IT、能源、新材料、传感器等产业的集成，也是配电网技术、网络技术、通信技术、传感器技术、电力电子技术、储能技术的合成，对于推动新技术革命具有直接的综合效果。由此，智能电网具备可靠、自愈、经济、兼容、集成和安全等特点。我以为：互动电网学说的本质就是以信息革命的造发性标准和技术手段大规模推动工业革命最重要财产—电网体系得革新和升级，建立消费者和电网管理者之间的互动。

互动电网的运转功效

互动电网学说的本质，就是以信息革命的造法性标准和技术手段大规模推动工业革命的最重要资产——电网体系的革新和升级，建立消费者和电网管理者之间的互动。互动电网的功效包括：一是智能电网能够实现双向互动的智能传输数据，实行动态的浮动电价制度；二是可以利用传感器对发电、输电、配电、供电等关键设备的运行状况进行实时监控和数据整合，遇到电力供应的高峰期之时，能够在不同区域间进行及时调度，平衡电力供应缺口，从而达到对整个电力系统运行的优化管理；三是智能电网能够将新型可替代能源接入电网，比如太阳能、风能、地热能等，实现分布式能源管理；四是可以提高供电效率，减少能量损耗，改善供电质量，解决电网商业化运转；五是智能电表可以作为互联网路由器，推动电力部门以其终端用户为基础，进行通信、宽带业务或传播电视信号。

互动电网的社会意义

为此，IT产业的深度革命和能源革命将成为孪生兄弟，智能电网改革将推动全球能源革命的深度扩散。通过建造互动的电网，将推进IT革命进入创新阶段；将为消费者提供更好的减少能源消耗的路径；将为整个社会节约成本、降低温室气体排放，并促进绿色经济占统治地位。 他认为，定义一个概念解放一个时代，把握一个概念焕发一个行业的潜能，而界定电网信息化的概念是确定一个国家电网现代化的基本前提。中国电网升级化路线应该定义为互动电网的变革，互动电网的发展是全球工业和信息业的一次新产业革命、技术革命和管理革命，我们应该以此为基础制定中国高起点的电网现代化的战略发展路线。

编辑本段“武建东计划”

一、洲际能源互动网络

在2009年两会召开期间，根据武教授观点，多位政协委员通过提案和大会发言，建议大力推动中国互动电网发展，并获得有关领导的重视和支持。武建东教授再次撰文，首次提出“洲际互动能源网络计划”，业界有关人士将此计划与美国皮肯斯能源计划相提并论，并称之为“武建东计划”。 “洲际互动能源网络计划”的体系框架包括如下：以一个全球电网互动升级标准为基础，革命性实现中国互动电网大踏步的转型，同时这个体系并蓄洲际互动电网体系的革命，将东亚、东南亚、中亚、非洲、大洋洲和俄罗斯等地的发电、输电、供电、用电的电力产业互联集成起来，重组全球能源体系。这个体系也有必要与北美、欧盟的智能电力网建立体系通道，实现电力能源的全球化互动整合。这个体系也应该因应全球气候、环境、社会和能源的变化，不断择优化升级，我们可以将这个计划称为“洲际能源互动网络”。

二、三个使命

这个转变有三个使命：其一，就是要以信息技术改造和提升现有的能源体系，特别提高集能源大成的传统电网体系的能源效率；其二，就是要逐步建立以可再生能源替代化石能源的创新能源利用体系；其三，就是要建造消费者和生产者互动的精巧、智慧和专家服务化的能源运转体系。 这个历史转型经百年难见的金融危机而尤显珍贵。根据2009年1月25日美国白宫最新发布的《复兴计划进度报告》，美国政府宣布未来几年内将为美国家庭安装4000万个智能电表，它预示着美国已经强行启动了智能电网改造计划，美国行将推动智能电网的整体革命。

三、具体规划

武建东教授建议国家投入1000亿至2000亿美元，以内地需求为基本，联合韩国、朝鲜、蒙古、中亚诸国、泰国、缅甸、越南、柬埔寨等东南亚国家，以及俄罗斯、日本诸国建立区域互动电网标准，大力推动电力体系最大的联通和电力国际化交易。由此，这个体系的搭建将使中国的电网体系尤同中国通讯系统国际化一般，实现国际化、商业化和现代化的创新运转。

太阳能（Solar）一般指太阳光的辐射能量。在太阳内部进行的由“氢”聚变成“氦”的原子核反应，不停地释放出巨大的能量，并不断向宇宙空间辐射能量，这种能量就是太阳能。太阳内部的这种核聚变反应，可以维持几十亿至上百亿年的时间。太阳向宇宙空间发射的辐射功率为3.8x10^23kW的辐射值，其中20亿分之一到达地球大气层。到达地球大气层的太阳能，30%被大气层反射，23%被大气层吸收，其余的到达地球表面，其功率为800000亿kW，也就是说太阳每秒钟照射到地球上的能量就相当于燃烧500万吨煤释放的热量。平均在大气外每平米面积每分钟接受的能量大约1367w。广义上的太阳能是地球上许多能量的来源，如风能，化学能，水的势能等等。狭义的太阳能则限于太阳辐射能的光热、光电和光化学的直接转换。

人类对太阳能的利用有着悠久的历史。我国早在两千多年前的战国时期，就知道利用钢制四面镜聚焦太阳光来点火；利用太阳能来干燥农副产品。发展到现代，太阳能的利用已日益广泛，它包括太阳能的光热利用，太阳能的光电利用和太阳能的光化学利用等。太阳能的利用有光化学反应,被动式利用（光热转换）和光电转换两种方式。太阳能发电一种新兴的可再生能源利用方式。

使用太阳电池，通过光电转换把太阳光中包含的能量转化为电能，使用太阳能热水器，利用太阳光的热量加热水，并利用热水发电，利用太阳能进行海水淡化。现在，太阳能的利用还不很普及，利用太阳能发电还存在成本高、转换效率低的问题，但是太阳电池在为人造卫星提供能源方面得到了应用。

主要是硅光电池在吸收太阳所发射出来的光能，硅光电池主要是从沙子里提炼出来的，由贝尔实验室开发。太阳能是太阳内部或者表面的黑子连续不断的核聚变反应过程产生的能量。地球轨道上的平均太阳辐射强度为1367w/㎡。地球赤道的周长为40000km，从而可计算出，地球获得的能量可达173000TW。在海平面上的标准峰值强度为1kw/m2，地球表面某一点24h的年平均辐射强度为0.20kw/㎡，相当于有102000TW 的能量，人类依赖这些能量维持生存，其中包括所有其他形式的可再生能源（地热能资源除外），虽然太阳能资源总量相当于现在人类所利用的能源的一万多倍，但太阳能的能量密度低，而且它因地而异，因时而变，这是开发利用太阳能面临的主要问题。太阳能的这些特点会使它在整个综合能源体系中的作用受到一定的限制。

尽管太阳辐射到地球大气层的能量仅为其总辐射能量的22亿分之一，但已高达173,000TW，也就是说太阳每秒钟照射到地球上的能量就相当于500万吨煤。地球上的风能、水能、海洋温差能、波浪能和生物质能以及部分潮汐能都是来源于太阳；即使是地球上的化石燃料（如煤、石油、天然气等）从根本上说也是远古以来贮存下来的太阳能，所以广义的太阳能所包括的范围非常大，狭义的太阳能则限于太阳辐射能的光热、光电和光化学的直接转换。

太阳能既是一次能源，又是可再生能源。它资源丰富，既可免费使用，又无需运输，对环境无任何污染。为人类创造了一种新的生活形态，使社会及人类进入一个节约能源减少污染的时代。

太阳电池是一对光有响应并能将光能转换成电力的器件。能产生光伏效应的材料有许多种，如：单晶硅，多晶硅，非晶硅，砷化镓，硒铟铜等。它们的发电原理基本相同，现以晶体为例描述光发电过程。P型晶体硅经过掺杂磷可得N型硅，形成P－N结。

当光线照射太阳电池表面时，一部分光子被硅材料吸收；光子的能量传递给了硅原子，使电子发生了跃迁，成为自由电子在P-N结两侧集聚形成了电位差，当外部接通电路时，在该电压的作用下，将会有电流流过外部电路产生一定的输出功率。这个过程的的实质是：光子能量转换成电能的过程。

“硅”是我们这个星球上储藏最丰量的材料之一。自从19世纪科学家们发现了晶体硅的半导体特性后，它几乎改变了一切，甚至人类的思维，20世纪末．我们的生活中处处可见“硅”的身影和作用，晶体硅太阳电池是近15年来形成产业化最快。生产过程大致可分为五个步骤：a、提纯过程 b、拉棒过程 c、切片过程 d、制电池过程 e、封装过程。

太阳能光伏

光伏板组件是一种暴露在阳光下便会产生直流电的发电装置，由几乎全部以半导体物料(例如硅)制成的薄身固体光伏电池组成。由于没有活动的部分，故可以长时间操作而不会导致任何损耗。简单的光伏电池可为手表及计算机提供能源，较复杂的光伏系统可为房屋提供照明，并为电网供电。 光伏板组件可以制成不同形状，而组件又可连接，以产生更多电力。近年，天台及建筑物表面均会使用光伏板组件，甚至被用作窗户、天窗或遮蔽装置的一部分，这些光伏设施通常被称为附设于建筑物的光伏系统。

太阳热能

现代的太阳热能科技将阳光聚合，并运用其能量产生热水、蒸气和电力。除了运用适当的科技来收集太阳能外，建筑物亦可利用太阳的光和热能，方法是在设计时加入合适的装备，例如巨型的向南窗户或使用能吸收及慢慢释放太阳热力的建筑材料。

据记载，人类利用太阳能已有3000多年的历史。将太阳能作为一种能源和动力加以利用，只有300多年的历史。真正将太阳能作为“近期急需的补充能源”，“未来能源结构的基础”，则是近来的事。20世纪70年代以来，太阳能科技突飞猛进，太阳能利用日新月异。近代太阳能利用历史可以从1615年法国工程师所罗门·德·考克斯在世界上发明第一台太阳能驱动的发动机算起。该发明是一台利用太阳能加热空气使其膨胀做功而抽水的机器。在1615年～1900年之间，世界上又研制成多台太阳能动力装置和一些其它太阳能装置。这些动力装置几乎全部采用聚光方式采集阳光，发动机功率不大，工质主要是水蒸汽，价格昂贵，实用价值不大，大部分为太阳能爱好者个人研究制造。20世纪的100年间，太阳能科技发展历史大体可分为七个阶段。

第一阶段(1900~1920年)

在这一阶段，世界上太阳能研究的重点仍是太阳能动力装置，但采用的聚光方式多样化，且开始采用平板集热器和低沸点工质，装置逐渐扩大，最大输出功率达73.64kW，实用目的比较明确，造价仍然很高。建造的典型装置有：1901年，在美国加州建成一台太阳能抽水装置，采用截头圆锥聚光器，功率：7.36kW；1902 ~1908年，在美国建造了五套双循环太阳能发动机，采用平板集热器和低沸点工质；1913年，在埃及开罗以南建成一台由5个抛物槽镜组成的太阳能水泵，每个长62.5m，宽4m，总采光面积达1250m2。

第二阶段（1920~1945年）

在这20多年中，太阳能研究工作处于低潮，参加研究工作的人数和研究项目大为减少，其原因与矿物燃料的大量开发利用和发生第二次世界大战（1935~1945年）有关，而太阳能又不能解决当时对能源的急需，因此使太阳能研究工作逐渐受到冷落。

第三阶段（1945~1965年）

在第二次世界大战结束后的20年中，一些有远见的人士已经注意到石油和天然气资源正在迅速减少， 呼吁人们重视这一问题，从而逐渐推动了太阳能研究工作的恢复和开展，并且成立太阳能学术组织，举办学术交流和展览会，再次兴起太阳能研究热潮。 在这一阶段，太阳能研究工作取得一些重大进展，比较突出的有：1945年，美国贝尔实验室研制成实用型硅太阳电池，为光伏发电大规模应用奠定了基础；1955年，以色列泰伯等在第一次国际太阳热科学会议上提出选择性涂层的基础理论，并研制成实用的黑镍等选择性涂层，为高效集热器的发展创造了条件。此外，在这一阶段里还有其它一些重要成果，比较突出的有： 1952年，法国国家研究中心在比利牛斯山东部建成一座功率为50kW的太阳炉。1960年，在美国佛罗里达建成世界上第一套用平板集热器供热的氨——水吸收式空调系统，制冷能力为5冷吨。1961年，一台带有石英窗的斯特林发动机问世。在这一阶段里，加强了太阳能基础理论和基础材料的研究，取得了如太阳选择性涂层和硅太阳电池等技术上的重大突破。平板集热器有了很大的发展，技术上逐渐成熟。太阳能吸收式空调的研究取得进展，建成一批实验性太阳房。对难度较大的斯特林发动机和塔式太阳能热发电技术进行了初步研究。

Solar

Solar (Solar) generally refers to the sun's radiation energy. Carried out in the solar interior from "H" together into a "helium" the nuclear reaction, kept a huge release of energy, and continue to the space radiation energy, which is solar energy. This solar nuclear fusion reaction inside the can to maintain the hundreds of millions of百亿年first time. Solar radiation to space launch 3.8x10 ^ 23kW power of the radiation, of which 20 billionth of the Earth's atmosphere to reach. Solar energy reaching the Earth's atmosphere, 30% of the atmosphere reflectance, 23% of atmospheric absorption, and the rest to reach the Earth's surface,

Its power of 80 trillion kW, that is to say a second exposure to the sun's energy on Earth is equivalent to five million tons of coal combustion heat release. The average per square meter in the atmosphere outside the area of energy per minute to receive about 1367w. A broad sense of the solar energy on earth many sources, such as wind energy, chemical energy, potential energy of water and so on. The narrow sense is limited to solar radiation of solar light thermal, photovoltaic and photochemical conversion of the directly.

At this stage, the world's solar energy is still the focus of the study of solar energy power plant, but the diversification of the use of the condenser, and the introduction of flat-plate collector and a low boiling point working fluid, the device gradually expanded up to maximum output power 73.64kW, Objective To compare the clear and practical, cost remains high. The construction of a typical device are as follows: 1901, California built a solar-powered pumping devices, the use of truncated cone condenser power: 7.36kW1902 ~ 1908 years, built in the United States five sets of double-cycle solar-powered engines, the use of flat-panel collector and a low boiling point working fluidin 1913,

Human use of solar energy has a long history. China more than 2000 years ago, back in the Warring States period, one will find that the use of four steel mirror to focus sunlight ignitionuse of solar energy to dry agricultural products. The development of modern, solar energy has become increasingly widespread use, it includes the use of solar energy solar thermal, solar photovoltaic and solar energy use, such as the photochemical use. The use of solar photochemical reaction, a passive use (photo-thermal conversion) and the photoelectric conversion in two ways. A new solar power and renewable sources of energy use.

Silicon photovoltaic cells mainly in the absorption of solar light energy emitted by silicon photocell is mainly extracted from the sand by the development of Bell Labs. Solar energy is the internal or the surface of the sun sunspot continuous process of nuclear fusion reactions produce energy. Earth's orbit on the average solar radiation intensity for the 1367w / ㎡. Circumference of the Earth's equator to 40000km, and thus calculated the Earth's energy can be obtained 173000TW. At sea level standard for peak intensity 1kw/m2, a point on the Earth's surface 24h of the annual average radiation intensity 0.20kw / ㎡, which is equivalent to have 102000TW energy

Human dependence on these energy to survive, including all other forms of renewable energy (except for geothermal energy resources), although the total amount of solar energy resources is the human equivalent of the energy used by ten thousand times, but low energy density of solar energy, and it vary from place to place, from time to time change, the development and utilization of solar energy which is facing a major problem. These features will make solar energy in the integrated energy system of the role of subject to certain restrictions.

The use of solar cells, through the photoelectric conversion to solar energy conversion is included in electricity, the use of solar water heaters, the use of solar heat hot water and use water for power generation, using solar energy for desalination. Now, the use of solar energy is not very popular, the use of solar power costs are high there, the problem of low conversion efficiency, but for satellite solar cells to provide energy has been applied.

Although the Earth's atmosphere solar radiation to the total energy only 22 billionths of a radiation energy, it has been as high as 173,000 TW, that is to say a second exposure to the sun's energy on Earth is equivalent to five million tons of coal. Earth wind energy, hydropower, ocean thermal energy, wave energy and tidal energy as well as some comes from the suneven in the face of the earth's fossil fuels (such as coal, oil, natural gas, etc.) that is fundamentally Since ancient times the storage of solar energy down, so by including a broad range of solar energy is very large,

The narrow sense is limited to solar radiation of solar light thermal, photovoltaic and photochemical conversion of the directly.

Solar energy is the first time, but also renewable energy. It is rich in resources, can use free of charge, and without transportation, without any pollution to the environment. For mankind to create a new life, so that social and human energy into a era of reducing pollution.

Solar cells have to respond to a light and convert solar energy to power the device. Photovoltaic effect can produce many kinds of materials, such as: single crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, gallium arsenide, copper indium selenium. They are basically the same principle of power generation is now crystal as an example to describe the process of light generation. P-type crystalline silicon available after phosphorus-doped N-type silicon, the formation of P-N junction.

When the surface of solar light, the silicon material to be part of photon absorptionphoton energy transfer to the silicon atom, electronic transitions have taken place, as a free-electron concentration in the PN junction formed on both sides of the potential difference, when the external circuit connected when the effects of the voltage, there will be a current flowing through the external circuit have a certain amount of output power. The substance of this process are: photon energy into electrical energy conversion process.

"Si" is our planet's abundance of storage materials. Since the 19th century, scientists discovered the properties of crystalline silicon semiconductor, it almost changed everything, even human thought, end of the 20th century. Our lives can be seen everywhere, "silicon" figure and role of crystalline silicon solar cells is the formation of the past 15 years the fastest growing industry. Production process can be divided into five steps: a, purification process b, the process of pulling rod c, slicing the process of d, the process of system battery e, the course package.

Solar photovoltaic

Is a component of photovoltaic panels in the sun exposure will generate direct current power generation devices, from virtually all semiconductor materials (eg silicon) are made of thin photovoltaic cells composed of solid. Because there is no part of activity, and would thus be a long time operation would not lead to any loss. Simple photovoltaic cells for watches and computers to provide energy, and more complex PV systems to provide lighting for the housing and power supply. Photovoltaic panels can be made into components of different shapes, and components can be connected to generate more power. In recent years, the surface of the roof and building will be the use of photovoltaic panels components,

Even be used as windows, skylights or sheltered part of devices, which are often called photovoltaic facilities with PV systems in buildings.

Solar thermal

Modern technology solar thermal polymerization sunlight and use its energy produced hot water, steam and electricity. In addition to the use of appropriate technology to collect solar energy, the building can also make use of the sun's light and heat energy is added in the design of appropriate equipment, such as large windows or use of the south can absorb and slowly release the sun heat the building materials .

According to records, human use of solar energy has more than 3,000 years of history. To solar energy as an energy and power use, only 300 years of history. The real solar as "the near future to add much-needed energy," "the basis of the future energy mix" is the latest thing. Since the 20th century, 70s, solar technology has made rapid advances, solar energy use with each passing day. Solar energy utilization in modern history from the French engineers in 1615 in the Solomon and Germany Cox invented the world's first solar-powered engines run. The invention is a use of solar energy heating the air to the expansion and pumping machines acting.

In 1615 ~ 1900, between the developed world and more than one solar power plant and a number of other solar energy devices. Almost all of these power plants collect the sun means the use of condenser, engine power is not, the working fluid is water vapor, which is very expensive, not practical value, the majority of individual studies for manufacturing solar enthusiasts. 100 years of the 20th century, the history of the development of solar energy technology in general can be divided into seven stages.