描写飞机的英语作文：the largest carbon footpri

英语作文要想写好的,你的词汇量就应该多一些,学习英语躲不开的就是背单词,你的单词背诵的越多,自然的英语水平就会增加,我们要学习好英语,必须从单词开始。也许我们一生都没有挡雨的习惯，但我愿意在你们身边撑起一把伞！今天我就让你们见识见识英语词汇量有多重要！

一共给你们准备了3篇英文作文，词汇量从少到多的顺序，单词数量都足足的。

【一】

Airplanes come in many different shapes and sizes depending on the mission of the aircraft, but all modern airplanes have certain components in common. These are the fuselage, wing, tail assembly and control surfaces, landing gear, and powerplant(s).

For any airplane to fly, it must be able to lift the weight of the airplane, its fuel, the passengers, and the cargo. The wings generate most of the lift to hold the plane in the air. To generate lift, the airplane must be pushed through the air. The engines, which are usually located beneath the wings, provide the thrust to push the airplane forward through the air.

The fuselage is the body of the airplane that holds all the pieces of the aircraft together and many of the other large components are attached to it. The fuselage is generally streamlined as much as possible to reduce drag. Designs for fuselages vary widely. The fuselage houses the cockpit where the pilot and flight crew sit and it provides areas for passengers and cargo. It may also carry armaments of various sorts. Some aircraft carry fuel in the fuselageothers carry the fuel in the wings. In addition, an engine may be housed in the fuselage.

The wing provides the principal lifting force of an airplane. Lift is obtained from the dynamic action of the wing with respect to the air. The cross-sectional shape of the wing as viewed from the side is known as the airfoil section. The planform shape of the wing (the shape of the wing as viewed from above) and placement of the wing on the fuselage (including the angle of incidence), as well as the airfoil section shape, depend upon the airplane mission and the best compromise necessary in the overall airplane design.

The control surfaces include all those moving surfaces of an airplane used for attitude, lift, and drag control. They include the tail assembly, the structures at the rear of the airplane that serve to control and maneuver the aircraft and structures forming part of and attached to the wing.

The tail usually has a fixed horizontal piece (called the horizontal stabilizer) and a fixed vertical piece (called the vertical stabilizer). The stabilizers provide stability for the aircraft—they keep it flying straight. The vertical stabilizer keeps the nose of the plane from swinging from side to side (called yaw), while the horizontal stabilizer prevents an up-and-down motion of the nose (called pitch). (On the Wright brothers' first successful aircraft, the horizontal stabilizer was placed in front of the wings. Such a configuration is called a canard after the French word for "duck").

The hinged part found on the trailing edge of the wing is called the aileron. It is used to roll the wings from side to side. Flaps are hinged or pivoted parts of the leading and/or trailing edges of the wing used to increase lift at reduced airspeeds, primarily at landing and takeoff. Spoilers are devices used to disrupt the airflow over the wing so as to reduce the lift on an airplane wing quickly. By operating independently on each wing, they may provide an alternate form of roll control. Slats at the front part of the wing are used at takeoff and landing to produce additional lift.

At the rear of both the aileron surfaces and elevators and rudders are small moving sections called trim tabs that are attached by hinges. Their function is to (1) balance the airplane if it is too nose heavy, tail heavy, or wing heavy to fly in a stable cruise condition(2) maintain the elevator, rudder, and ailerons at whatever setting the pilot wishes without the pilot maintaining pressure on the controlsand (3) help move the elevators, rudder, and ailerons and thus relieve the pilot of the effort necessary to move the surfaces.

The landing gear, or undercarriage, supports the airplane when it is resting on the ground or in water and during the takeoff and landing. The gear may be fixed or retractable. The wheels of most airplanes are attached to shock-absorbing struts that use oil or air to cushion the blow of landing. Special types of landing gear include skis for snow and floats for water. For carrier landings, arrester hooks are used.

Forward motion, or thrust, is generated by a thrust-producing device or powerplant to sustain flight. The powerplant consists of the engine (and propeller, if present) and the related accessories. The main engine types are the reciprocating (or piston type), and the reaction, or jet, engine such as the ram jet, pulse jet, turbojet, turboprop, and rocket engine. The propeller converts the energy of a reciprocating engine's rotating crankshaft into a thrust force. Usually the engines are located in cowled pods hung beneath the wings, but some aircraft, like fighter aircraft, will have the engines buried in the fuselage.

Other configurations have sometime been used. For instance, the Wright brothers' 1903 Flyer had pusher propellers (propellers at the rear of the plane) and the elevators at the front of the aircraft. Many fighter aircraft also combine the horizontal stabilizer and elevator into a single stabilator surface. There are many possible aircraft configurations, but any configuration must provide for the four forces needed for flight.

写作思路：做到条理清楚、自然、明白，不杂乱，要倾注自己的思想感情，或探索人生真谛，或谈论思想问题、治学精神，使读者受到启迪和教育。这样的文章有了哲理，给予读者的感受也就更加丰富了。

正文内容：

It is fast comfortable and convinient to travel by plane. It is also timesaving. Eg, if you want to go to Yuannan, it only take you over three hours by plane but you should spend more than thirty hours to go there by train.

The beautiful hostess will take care of you on the plane so you don't need to worry anything. But of course every coin has two sides, traveling by plane sometimes delay by bad weather so you have to wait for a long time in the waiting hall.

And you have to shut off your cell phone on the plane. Sometimes you can't enjoy the beautiful scenery.

译文：

乘飞机旅行既快又舒适。这也节省了时间。如果你想去云南，坐飞机只需要三个多小时，但坐火车要花三十个多小时。美丽的女主人会在飞机上照顾你，所以你不必担心任何事情。

当然，每个硬币都有两面性，乘飞机旅行有时会因天气不好而延误，所以你必须在候机大厅里等很长时间。在飞机上你必须关掉手机。有时你不能欣赏美丽的风景。

Developing Electric Cars

The electric car is an inspiring invention. Currently, the government is attaching more and more importance to the development of electric cars.

It is not hard for us to find the reasons why priority is given to electric cars. The primary reason, I think, lies in the fact that electric cars can save nonrenewable gasoline, which will somewhat lessen the pressure of energy crisis.

The second reason is that electric cars also contribute to environmental protection if we take into consideration the fact that they release no fumes.

Given that consumers are still in favor of cars powered by gasoline, the government should take measures to promote the development and use of electric cars.

The government can invest more money in the development of electric cars.

In addition, the publicity and education of environmental protection should be strengthened to enhance people's awareness of environmental protection.

重点词汇：

more and more： 越来越...。

primary reason： 首要原因。

energy crisis： 能源危机。

contribute to： 捐助  给…投稿  捐给  投寄给。

environmental protection： 环境保护。

take into consideration：把…考虑进去  考虑到顾及。

in favor of：有利于，交付给，以…为受益人  赞同，支持。

take measures：看一看，设法，着手。

以上内容参考 百度百科-翻译

Save the Energy Resources

Another round of energy crisis is knocking at the door. In 2004, world oil consumption reached a new record, causing oil price in the international market to skyrocket amazingly. As for China, it was reported that many traditional mineral cities in northeastern China had run into predicament, with their economy collapsed and workers unemployed, only because coal had been mined out.

Fossil energy resources, including coal, oil and gas, are unlike sunlight, water power and wind power which are generated consistently. They’re not practically reproductive during human history. Once consumed, they’re gone forever. If they were to be exhausted before we could find sufficient reproductive resources to replace them with, we’d have to live in entire blackout again like our ancestors have done thousands of years ago. That’s of course not what anyone would want to see.

Due to technical limitations, people still have to utilize these resources now.

As a result, we must economize them most cleverly. New techniques should be developed and applied to reduce energy cost in industry and daily life. Alternative energy should be employed wherever possible. Eradicate any practice that wastes energy. Humans have overcome so many crises in history, and we’re sure to win this time also.

节约能源

另一轮能源危机是敲门。2004，世界石油消费量达到了一个新的纪录，引起国际市场石油价格飞涨惊人。至于中国，据报道，在中国东北地区，许多传统的矿业城市已经陷入困境，他们的经济崩溃和工人失业，不仅是因为煤炭开采出来了。

化石能源资源，包括煤，石油和天然气，不像阳光，水力和风力所产生持续。他们几乎没有生殖在人类历史。一旦被使用，它们就永远消失了。如果他们是在我们能够找到足够的生殖资源来取代他们筋疲力尽，我们不得不生活在大面积停电再像我们的祖先做了几千年前。这当然不是什么人会想看到。

由于技术的限制，还是有人利用这些资源。

因此，我们必须节约。新技术的开发和应用，降低能源成本在工业和日常生活。替代能源应尽可能采用。消除浪费能源的做法。人类在历史上克服了许多危机，我们一定会赢。

节约能源   【英文】Energy Conservation

节约能源是当今世界的一种重要社会意识，是指尽可能的减少能源的消耗、增加能源的利用率的一系列行为。

按照世界能源委员会1979年提出的节约能源定义是：采取技术上可行、经济上合理、环境和社会可接受的一切措施，来提高能源资源的利用效率。

《中华人民共和国节约能源法》所称节约能源，是指加强用能管理，采取技术上可行、经济上合理以及环境和社会可以承受的措施，从能源生产到消费的各个环节，降低消耗、减少损失和污染物排放、制止浪费，有效、合理地利用能源。该法同时指出“节约资源是我国的基本国策。国家实施节约与开发并举、把节约放在首位的能源发展战略。”

节能的方法

大力发展第三产业，以专业化分工和提高社会效率为重点，积极发展生产性服务业；以满足人们需求和方便群众生活为中心，提升发展生活性服务业；要大力发展高技术产业，坚持走新型工业化道路，促进传统产业升级，提高高技术产业在工业中的比重。按照循环经济理念，加快园区生态化改造，推进生态农业园区建设，构建跨产业生态链，推进行业间废物循环。要推进企业清洁生产，从源头减少废物的产生，实现由末端治理向污染预防和生产全过程控制转变，促进企业能源消费、工业固体废弃物、包装废弃物的减量化与资源化利用，控制和减少污染物排放，提高资源利用效率。组织培育科技创新型企业，提高区域自主创新能

力。加强与科研院校合作，构建技术研发服务平台，着力抓好技术标准示范企业建设。要围绕资源高效循环利用，积极开展替代技术、减量技术、再利用技术、资源化技术、系统化技术等关键技术研究，突破制约循环经济发展的技术瓶颈。成立发展循环经济建设节约型社会工作机构，研究制定发展循环经济建设节约型社会的各项政策措施。要设立发展循环经济建设节约型社会专项资金，重点扶持循环经济发展项目、节能降耗活动、减量减排技术创新补助等。要把万元生产总值、化学需氧量和二氧化硫排放总量纳入国民经济和社会发展年度计划；要建立健全能源节约和环境保护的保障机制，将降耗减排指标纳入政府目标责任和干部考核体系。

日常生活中的节能

1.节约用电

注意随手关灯。使用高效节能灯泡。美国的能源部门估计，单单使用高效节能灯泡代替传统电灯泡，就能避

免四亿吨二氧化碳被释放。节能灯最好不要短时间内开关，节能灯在开关时是最耗电的。白天可以干完的事不留着晚上做，洗衣服、写作业在天黑之前做完。早睡早起有利于身体健康，又环保节能。

2.低碳烹调

尽量节约厨房里的能源。食用油在加热时产生致癌物，并造成油烟污染居室环境。减少煎炒烹炸的菜肴，多煮食蔬菜。不要把饭锅和水壶装得太满，否则煮沸后溢出汤水，既浪费能源，又容易扑灭灶火，引发燃气泄漏。调整火苗的燃烧范围，使其不超过锅底外缘，取得最佳加热效果。如果锅小火大的话，火苗烧在锅底四周只会白白消耗燃气。

3.节约用水

淘米水是很好的去污剂，可以留下来洗碗或者浇花。沾了油的锅和盘子要先用用过的餐巾纸擦干净，洗起来既节水省时，又可少用洗涤剂，减少水污染。冲洗衣服时，可以加入少量肥皂粉，因为洗衣粉遇到肥皂会减少很多泡沫，既省水又节约清洗的时间。洗脸、洗手用小脸盆接住水，然后倒进大桶收集起来。洗手、

洗澡、洗衣、洗菜的水和较干净的洗碗水，都可以收集起来洗抹布、擦地板、冲马桶。

4.家用电器的节能使用

购买洗衣机、电视机或其他电器时，选择可靠的低耗节能产品。电视、电脑不用时及时切断电源，既节约用电又防止插座短路引发火灾的隐患。不用时关掉饮水机的电源。保持冰箱处于无霜状态。

5.循环再利用

靠循环再利用的方法来进行材料的循环使用，可以减少生产新原料的数量，从而降低二氧化碳排放量。例如，纸和卡纸板等有机材料的循环再利用，可以避免从垃圾填埋地释放出来的沼气（一种能引起温室效应的气体，大部分是甲烷）。据统计,回收一吨废纸能生产800千克的再生纸，可以少砍17棵大树，节约一半以上的造纸原料，减少水污染。因此，节约用纸就是保护森林、保护环境。

6.节能的健身方式

假如所住楼房的楼梯通风采光状况良好，安全设施齐备，可以每天做「爬梯运动」，在节电的同时，健身、健心、健性情一次完成。手洗轻便的衣服，也是一种很好的运动。以站桩的姿势在洗衣池前站定，既锻炼脚力，又可使经常处于紧张状态的腰部和背部放松。双手同时搓洗衣服，节水节电的同时锻炼了手指灵活性和左右脑的协调能力。

7.节省取暖和制冷的能源

大部分家庭的能源都消耗在取暖和制冷上。只要有效地使用自然通风和避免房间过暖，就能简单地减少10%的费用和二氧化碳排放量。检查阁楼和空心墙隔热材料的质量。冬季检查门和窗边的缝隙是否密闭。夏季天气不算十分炎热时，最好用扇子或电风扇代替空调。使用空调时，不要把温度调得太低。

8.经济型汽车

高能效汽车每公里产生更少二氧化碳。一般说来，汽车重量越大越耗油，产生的二氧化碳越多。与经济型的

小汽缸车相比，大型SUV汽车和豪华汽车排放至少两倍以上的二氧化碳。越野型汽车安全系数高，但比较耗油。自动档汽车的动力传递通过液压完成，在工作中会造成动力损失，尤其是在低速行驶或堵车中走走停停时，油耗更大。

9.自备购物袋或重复使用塑料袋购物

塑料的原料主要来自不可再生的煤、石油、天然气等矿物能源，节约塑料袋就是节约地球能源。我国每年塑料废弃量超过一百万吨，「用了就扔」的塑料袋不仅造成了资源的巨大浪费，而且使垃圾量剧增。

10.少用一次性制品

商场里充斥着一次性用品：一次性餐具、一次性牙刷、一次性雨衣、一次性签字笔……一次性用品给人们带来了短暂的便利，却给生态环境带来了灾难。它们加快了地球资源的耗竭，所产生的大量垃圾造成环境污染。以一次性筷子为例，我国每年向日本和韩国出口约150万立方米，需要损耗200万平方米的森林资源。

11. 合理使用电脑,打印机

不用电脑时以待机代替屏幕保护,每台台式机每年可省电6.3度,相应减排二氧化碳6千克每台笔记本电脑每年可省电1.5度,相应减排二氧化碳1.4千克.如果对全国保有的7700万台电脑都采取这一措施,那么每年可省电4.5亿度,减排二氧化碳43万吨.  

(1) of the last century the late 50's early 60's the first prototype nuclear power plant construction

(2) 60's to 70's built a large number of unit capacity in the 600 ~ 1400 MW of the standard nuclear power plant, which is currently the world's 439 nuclear power plants are running (June 2002 statistics) of the subject

(3) 80, began development in the market since the late 90's advanced light water reactor (ALWR) nuclear power plant.

Gen-IV concept was first in the June 1999 meeting of the American Nuclear Society's annual meeting. In the winter that year in November at the annual meeting of the Society to further the development of a clear vision of Gen-IV. United States, France, Japan, Britain and other nuclear countries formed in 2000, Gen-IV International Forum, to be used 2 to 3 years to complete development of Gen-IV research and development objectives plan. The overall goal of this project is around 2030, to provide to the market economy can solve nuclear energy, safety, waste disposal and the prevention of nuclear proliferation Gen-IV.

2 Gen-IV research and development goals

The current Gen-IV advanced nuclear energy system concept is still relatively vague, the international community has no exact definition. However, there has been clear that the "advanced nuclear energy systems" rather than "advanced reactors." It should meet the security, economic, sustainable development, minimal waste generation, fuel, and low risk of the proliferation of basic standards.

2.1 The goal of sustainability

Comparison of the authority in accordance with the definition of the essence of sustainability is how to sustain Earth's life support systems to meet basic human needs. For a particular system, it is a default in the stated objectives and can successfully stage the degree of its development, coordination, sustainability, sustainable development and stable binding within the threshold probability, that is, its success extended to sustainable development goals. Gen-IV of the sustainability objectives include the efficient use of fuel, waste management and nuclear proliferation in the physical limit. Namely:

Sustainability objective 1: Gen-IV will be available worldwide to meet clean air requirements, long-term, reliable, fuel efficient use of sustainable energy.

Sustainability objective 2: Gen-IV nuclear waste generated was minimalused in nuclear waste management will be both properly safe disposal of nuclear waste, but also significantly reduce the dose of the staff to improve public health and protection of the environment.

Sustainability objective 3: Gen-IV nuclear fuel cycle should lead to commercial possibilities of nuclear proliferation limited to a minimum, making it difficult to be converted to military use, and to prevent terrorist activities in the physical provision of more effective measures.

2.2 The objectives of security and reliability

R &D in nuclear energy systems and operation, safety and reliability is a priority fundamentals. In normal operation, or hypothetical transient conditions, nuclear energy systems must maintain its safety margin, to prevent accidents and incidents are effective mitigation measures. At the same time, requiring a high reliability.

Over the years, improved security and reliability of nuclear energy systems, reducing the frequency of radioactive release outside the plant and thereby reduce the probability of a serious accident, has been a clear trend. Gen-IV through further improvements to achieve higher security and reliability, to better protect employees, public health and the environment. In this regard, Gen-IV also has three objectives:

Safety and reliability objectives 1: Gen-IV in a safe and reliable operation will be significantly better than other aspects of nuclear energy systems.

The goal is to induce an accident or by reducing the general accident incident evolved into a serious accident, equipment problems and human factors to increase the number of questions the safety of operation. This goal is also to improve the reliability of nuclear power by strengthening the economy of the system. To achieve these operational goals, to support strengthening of public confidence in the safety demonstration, you need to make appropriate design requirements and be careful.

In order to improve the security and reliability to the highest level, fourth-generation nuclear energy systems must continue to use the industry and regulators to enhance public confidence and to establish relevant laws and regulations, and using future advanced technologies.

Safety and reliability goals 2: Gen-IV core damage highly unlikelyeven damage, the degree is also very light.

The goal of the owner / operation is vitally important. Over the years, people have been committed to reducing the probability of core damage. The measures include the use of PRA methods to develop user requirements documents, in the introduction of passive safety systems concepts.

Safety and reliability of objective 3: in the accident outside the plant under the conditions of no release, no plants outside the emergency.

The public, especially those living in the vicinity of nuclear facilities, the residents of the need to secure nuclear power plant outside the emergency is not a reliable proof. Therefore, Gen-IV design direction is an effort on the design and use of advanced technology through the abolition of emergency outside the factory. This is a revolutionary improvement of nuclear safety, it shows: no matter what nuclear power plant accident, will not result in damage to the public outside the plant.

2.3 Economic objectives

Gen-IV would take significant steps to reduce the cost of new nuclear power plant investment and financial risk, or its sustainability, safety and reliability of the advantages would be higher capital costs and generation costs and the corresponding high-risk flood. For a long time, nuclear power plants mainly with basic load. This situation is changing, the global energy market is controlled by the transition to deregulation, there will be more independent power generation companies and business owners (who runs) into the deregulated electricity market. This means that the nuclear power plant being developed to consider the potential for more plant owners, the future of nuclear energy system to adapt to different requirements, including load following and power smaller units. Most of 已建和在建 economic competitiveness of nuclear power stations is not ideal. As China's energy sector development and deepening of power system, improve the economy of the requirements of nuclear power will be more urgent. Currently, the unit cost of new nuclear power plants ($ 1500 ~ 2000/kW, is the unit cost of fossil fuel power plants 2 to 4 times) and longer construction time, processing time, retired time, with other power production methods should not be compared The. To be able to compete with other electricity production, nuclear power plant construction should be met:

* Initial investment (overnight rate) is less than $ 1,000 per kilowatt

* The total cost of electricity production should be less than 3 cents / kWh

* Construction period is less than 3 years.

Economic goals 1: Gen-IV period in the whole economy of life is better than other energy systems.

To ensure that nuclear energy system has become the world's energy supply system in an indispensable part of the needs of the whole life cost advantage of the period. Lifecycle costs include four major components: construction investment, operation and maintenance costs, fuel cycle costs, decommissioning and decontamination costs. There are other important factors affecting the whole life cycle costs, such as financing conditions, the duration of the project, construction progress, the capacity factor and power plant life. Currently, the investment cost is high and the construction of new nuclear power plants is too long the major obstacles in the financial, operating and maintenance costs while the existing power plant has been greatly improved in recent years. Of Gen-IV, the whole life cycle costs of all the factors to be better than other energy sources (including the existing core systems) to ensure their competitiveness.

Economic objective 2: Gen-IV level of the financial risk of financial and other energy projects the level of risk.

In a competitive capital market, to raise the funds needed for the building, Gen-IV on the financial risk must be reduced to or remain in the competition for new levels of project financing.

For:

Reach an average speed of 500 to 1000 kilometers per hour, the fastest means of transportation, 20 times faster than ships, 10 times than cars, 5 times than trains.

Take much less time

In this busy modern world in which efficiency is second to none, taking flight sounds fantastic.

Comfortable, free from the fatigue they may suffer when traveling by train or bus, cozy, noise-free cabin, food, entertainment

Safe, air crash,

Military, shorten/diminish the duration of war

Against:

popularity, frequency, time difference/lag, paralysis, varicosity, terrorist