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英语作文~关于能源!

舒服的指甲油
结实的百褶裙
2023-01-26 04:12:45

英语作文~关于能源!

最佳答案
炙热的万宝路
畅快的小鸭子
2026-05-01 17:58:14

我写过相关论文 参考下吧 将近1000字

Energy Source

Energy means the power which does work and drives machines.

All living things (including humans) rely on the sun as a source of energy. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are energy sources available today because organisms in the past captured sunlight energy and stored it in the complex organic molecules that made up their bodies, which were then compressed and concentrated.

With the development of society, a large of energy sources have been used,such as coal, petroleum, natural gas, geothermal energy, nuclear fission power, nuclear fusion power, solar energy, and Hydrogen gas. however, under the circumstances, the quantity of energy source is limited. unlimited usage of energy source results in energy crisis.

At present, most of the energy consumed by humans is produced from fossil fuels. The greatest recoverable fossil is in the form of coal and lignite. Although world coal resources are enomous and potentially can fill energy needs for a century or two, their utilization is limited by environmental disruption from mining and emissions of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. These would become intolerable long before coal resources were exhausted.

Only a small percentage of coal and lignite has been utilized to date, whereas much of the recoverable petroleum and natural gas has already been consumed. Petroleum has several characteristics that make it superior to coal as a source of energy. Its extraction causes less environmental damage than does coal mining. It is a more concentrated source of energy than coal, and it burns with less pollution, and it can be moved easily through pipes. These characteristics make it an ideal fuel for automobiles.

Since first commercial oil well in 1859, somewhat more than 100 million barrels of oil have been produced in the United States, most of it in recent years. In 1990 world petroleum consumption was at a rate of about 65 million barrels per day. Projected use of petroleum and natural gas indicates rapid depletion. Alaskan oil can help the petroleum supply only temporarily. Peak world petroleum resources production will be reached within a few years.

Since the first "energy crisis" of 1973-1974, some concrete actions have even taken place. However, the several-fold increase in crude oil prices since 1973 has extacted a toll. In the U.S. and other industrialized nations, the economy has been plagued by inflation, recession, unemployment, and obsolescence of industrial equipment. The economies of some petroleum-deficient developing countries have been devastated by energy prices.

Energy crisis was accompanied by worldwide shortages of some foods and minerals, followed in some cases by surpluses, such as the surplus wheat resulting from increased planting and a copper surplus resulting from the efforts of copper-producing nations to acpuire foreign currency by copper export.

As known to all,the availability and cost of energy has become dominant factors in society today. Obviously, solving the "energy crisis" makes good sense. Many schemes has been proposed for conserving present energy resources and for developing new ones. It is always possible to use less energy in any process. Therefore, energy engineer is created and developed. The first goal of energy engineer is to determine the methods by which energy utilization is reduced but the output remains the same, or even increases.The second goal is to determine which methods of using less energy are cost effective.

Conventional engineering techniques are used to evaluated the mechanisms of energy use. Economic considerations are of equal importance and life cycle cost and saving techniques are used to determine cost-effective measures. The evaluation focuses on those uses which are significant in the overall picture and attempts to determine those technical measures that can reduce usage and save money.

Meanwhile, looking for ideal energy sources is also very important to solve energy crisis. The recipe for an ideal energy source calls for one that is unlimited in supply, widely available, and inexpensiveit should not add to the earth's total heat burden or produce chemical air and water pollutants. Solar energy fulfills all of these criteria. Solar energy does not add excess heat to that which must be radiated from the earth. On a global basis, utilization of only a small fraction of solar energy reaching the earth could provide for all energy needs.

Solar energy is unlimited in supply, but its exploitation and utilization are limited owing to the limitation of technology and conditions.

Solar energy

utilization needs an enormous amount of land, and there are economic and environmental problems related to the use of even a fraction of this amount of land for solar energy collection. Certainly, many residents of Arizona would not be pleased at having so much of the state devoted to solar collectors, and some environmental groups would protest the resultant shading of rattlesnake habitat.

Solar power cells for the direct conversion of sunlight to electricity have been developed and are widely used for energy in space vehicles. With present technology, however, they remain too expensive for large-scale generation of electricity. Therefore, most schemes for the utilization of solar power depend upon the collection of thermal energy, followed by conversion to electrical energy. The simplest such approach involves focusing sunlight on a steam-generating bioler. Parabolic refkectors can be used to focus sunlight on pipes containing heat-transporting fluids. Selective coatings on these pipes can be used so that only a small percentage of incident energy is reradiated from the pipes.

With the installation of more heating devices and the probable development of some cheap, direct solar electrical generating capacity, it is likely that during the coming centry solar energy will be providing an appreciable percentage of energy needs in areas receiving abundants.

最新回答
勤恳的手套
欣喜的飞机
2026-05-01 17:58:14

题目:Geothermal resources 正文:Geothermal resources in the world's oldest energy sources. It is estimated that the total thermal energy of the Earth's interior, about all the coal reserves of about 1.7 billion times. Year from Earth's interior heat loss through the surface, equivalent to 1,000 million barrels of oil burning heat. On geothermal sources, there are several hypotheses. Is generally believed that the geothermal evolution of radioactive elements mainly come from the earth's interior heat release, followed by rotation of the Earth's rotation can be generated and gravitational differentiation, chemical reactions, heat release and other rock and mineral crystal. During the formation of the Earth, the total amount of these heat dissipation of heat over the Earth, an enormous heat reserves, so that partial melting of crustal igneous and metamorphic effect. Basic calculation is now out, the planet's core temperature reaches 6000 ° C, temperature of the bottom crust 900-1000 ° C, the surface layer at room temperature (about 15 meters from the ground) about 15 kilometers of the following, the increase of temperature increased with depth. The average temperature of geothermal is about 3 ° C/100 m rate. Geothermal warming rates in different regions are different, close to the average warming rate is called the normal temperature range, higher than the average warming rate of the region, said geothermal anomalies. Geothermal anomaly area is research and development of geothermal resources of the main target. Crustal plate edge, deep fault and the volcanic belt at the other, is obvious geothermal anomalies. Exploration of geothermal resources survey, the general use of surface geothermal survey, drilling and various geophysical methods. Infrared remote sensing technology in exploration in recent years achieved remarkable results. The late 20th century, the exploitation of geothermal resources were mainly shallow, heat storage, and have a fluid (water or artificial irrigation) lead to heat transfer to the surface of the wet geothermal field. Hot dry rock geothermal resources and low-temperature geothermal fields of wetland research development and utilization in the pilot phase. China, rich in geothermal resources, has a long mining history, past the main advantage of hot spring bath treatment. After 1970, in Guangdong Fengshun, Huailai, Tianjin, and Tibet to have been carried out in thermal power generation, building heating, Agricultural greenhouse heating, warm water breeding, irrigation and other aspects Shi Yan Xing Kaifagongzuo, made some achievements.译文:世界上最古老的能源之一。据测算,地球内部的总热能量,约为全约煤炭储量的1.7亿倍。每年从地球内部经地表散失的热量,相当于1000亿桶石油燃烧产生的热量。

关于地热的来源,有多种假说。一般认为,地热主要来源于地球内部放射性元素蜕变放热能,其次是地球自转产生的旋转能以及重力分异、化学反应,岩矿结晶释放的热能等。在地球形成过程中,这些热能的总量超过地球散逸的热能,形成巨大的热储量,使地壳局部熔化形成岩浆作用、变质作用。

现已基本测算出,地核的温度达6000°C,地壳底层的温度达900-1000°C,地表常温层(距地面约15米)以下约15公里范围内,地温随深度增加而增高。地热平均增温率约为3°C/100米。不同地区地热增温率有差异,接近平均增温率的称正常温区,高于平均增温率的地区称地热异常区。地热异常区是研究、开发地热资源的主要对象。地壳板块边沿,深大断裂及火山分布带等,是明显的地热异常区。

普查勘探地热资源,一般采用地表地热调查、钻探和各种物探方法。近年来红外线遥感技术在勘查中取得显著效果。

20世纪末,地热资源的开采对象,主要是埋藏浅、热储量大、有流体(地下水或人工灌水)把热能传引到地表的湿地热田。干热岩地热资源和低温湿地热田的开发利用处在研究试验阶段。

中国的地热资源丰富,有悠久开采历史,以往主要利用温泉洗浴治病。1970年后,在广东丰顺、河北怀来、天津和西藏等地曾进行地热发电、建筑物采暖、农业温室采暖、温水育种、灌溉等多方面试验性开发工作,取得一定成果。

时尚的小蜜蜂
整齐的冬日
2026-05-01 17:58:14
节约能源英语作文

节约能源

英文:

Save the Energy Resources

Another round of energy crisis is knocking at the door. In 2004, world oil

consumption reached a new record, causing oil price in the international market to

skyrocket amazingly. As for China, it was reported that many traditional mineral cities in

northeastern China had run into predicament, with their economy collapsed and workers

unemployed, only because coal had been mined out.

Fossil energy resources, including coal, oil and gas, are unlike sunlight, water power

and wind power which are generated consistently. They’re not practically reproductive

during human history. Once consumed, they’re gone forever. If they were to be exhausted

before we could find sufficient reproductive resources to replace them with, w

e’d have to

live in entire blackout again like our ancestors have done thousands of years ago. That’s

of course not what anyone would want to see.

Due to technical limitations, people still have to utilize these resources now.

As a result, we must economize them most cleverly. New techniques should be

developed and applied to reduce energy cost in industry and daily life. Alternative energy

should be employed wherever possible. Eradicate any practice that wastes energy.

Humans have overcome so many crises i

n history, and we’re sure to win this time also.

With the develope of society,many people begin to care about saving energy.I think

saving energy is everyone's duty.So we should do well our responsibility.For instance,we

need remeber to shut off the lamp when we leave a room without anyone else and shut off

the tap when stop to use it to save water.Sometimes we can take our bay to the

supermarket to buy something.It can save resources.Finally,the most basica is we can't

throw litter on the ground anyway.We have one earth ,she is our only home.If everyone do

his best to protect her,she will be more beautiful.

【扩展阅读篇】

作文是决定语文考试

成绩

半壁江山

,因此作文的成败往往决定了整个语文考试的

成败。那么

怎样

让考试作文得高分呢

?

我觉得以下几点必须注意。

1

题和立意凡考试作文必须审题

原因是考生要在同一环境下,

作公平的竞争。

审题,

就是要对试题展现的所有内容作全面、

准确的审读和理解,

把命题者的意图读出来,

把题目

的各种限制审清楚,明确要我写

什么

,怎么写,写到

什么

程度,真正做到全面领会,深刻把

握,不偏不漏、

不折不扣地按要求写作文。高考作文评判明确规定,凡审题有问题的试卷最

后得分一般都不超过二类卷最低分。

由此可见,

审题的准确与否是作文成败的关键因素。

意,就是要作者站在时代的高度,去观察、认识

生活

,提炼主题,使主题体现时代的精神,

既反映时代,也作用于时代,跳动时代的脉搏,推动着时代的前进。文章的

其实就

是作者在体验

生活

中逐步孕育而成的一种思想,是作者的主观认识与客观实际相

撞击

的产

物,

它反映作者的思想水平、

认识水平以及在社会生活中形成的世界观、

人生观、

价值观等。

近两年的作文教改提倡学生写真实生活、

真实自我,

有些

同学

忽视了对文章思想倾向的把握,

看问题不全面,

观点偏激,

更有甚者由腐败现象而怀疑党的领导和党的政策。

尽管当今的中

国社会政治清明,言论自由,话说错了不会追查什么政治问题,但作为未来社会的建设者,

正确的是非观还是应该有的。这一点必须注意。

2

标题和段落标题是文章的眼睛

,也是阅卷老师对文章的第一印象,特别是自拟题目

写作,阅卷老师很看重考生所拟的标题。俗话说:

秧好一半谷,题好一半文

,可见题目的

重要性。

有些考生先写正文再拟标题,

文章写好后也许是没有时间写标题,

也许是忘了补写

标题。虽然评分规定无标题扣

2

分,但实际结果却远非

2

分。有人曾做过这样的实验,将

几篇写得较好的作文,

按保留标题和隐去标题两种类型请两组老师分别予以阅卷,

其分数差

别一般都在

5

分以上。这是因为阅卷老师对无标题作文产生了一种心理距离,不知不觉便

降低了分数等级。至于如何拟题,我觉得应做到这样几条:①确切。指符合文章内容,也指

遣词造句符合规范

)

。②精练。指标题字数恰当。③生动。指题目能体现出一种活力,具有

可读性,饶有情趣。④新颖。指有新视角、新思路、新感悟,能够给人一种新鲜感。⑤有意

蕴。指有内在的含义。拟题方法多种多样,可以运用修辞拟题,可以引用俗语拟题,可以化

用古语拟题,

可以借用成语拟题,

可以套用流行语拟题,

也可以巧用

其他

学科公式或符号拟

题等等,

考生可以根据自己的情况灵活运用。

段落:

考试作文最忌首、

腹、

尾三段式的结构。

把文章分为几段更好

?

千字以内的作文,我觉得分为

5-8

个自然段就可以了。因为自然段分

得越自然,

越显得你成熟老练。

另外,

要把每一段的首句写好。

每一段的首句犹如人的眉目,

把首句写好,

眉清目秀

,整个段落都显着精神。

3

文体和内容高考作文试题对文体的要求有两类

一类是规定必须写某种文体,

一篇议论文

另一类是排除写某种文体,如

除诗歌外,其他文体不限

。考生必须按规定的

文体去写。近几年高考作文题中

文体不限

,让考生自由选择文体,这里要特别注意,文体

不限不是不要文体,

而是要你在选择了一种文体后,

一定要按这种文体特点写作,

要写什么

象什么。不可随心所欲,写成不伦不类的

四不像

文章。文章内容方面:不假思索就能想到

的东西,绝对不要写

稍加思索想到的也不要写

花上几分钟,想别人想不到的内容来写。记

叙文最好将主人公设定为自己,用第一人称入文,让

的激情在文章中闪光,情真意切,

引起共鸣。议论文切忌大话、套话、废话,要避免空发议论,无病呻吟,滥提口号,乱发号

召,空表决心等等。作文可以虚构,

允许

编写故事,但不等于提倡

编写故事

,编写故事

要做到

大胆

想象

,自圆其说

。滥编、胡编,绝对不会得高分。

4

开头和结尾应试作文的开头结尾,

就是文章的刀刃。

平时在课内外所学的各种开头

结尾的方法完全可以用在应试作文上。

不管你使用什么方法开头和结尾,

必须做到开头起笔

入题,结尾点明主旨。为了给评卷老师一个好的印象,开头结尾千万不要涂抹。有道是:良

好的开端是成功的一半。

可有些考生犯

入题慢

的毛病:

有的把大段的原材料全部照搬

有的

把本来简洁的原材料进行扩展

有的开篇摆材料,古今中外,慢慢道来。开篇松散,占去了

大量的篇幅,

后面的真正应该说的内容却

千呼万唤不出来

有的只是一笔带过,

草草收兵,

比例严重失调,使老师难以衡量其实际写作水平。古人写文章讲究

凤头

猪肚

豹尾

这是有一定道理的。

可有些考生作文来不及刹尾,

或用一句话硬断,或点上一串省略号,这

样即使你雕出了

凤头

,壮大了

猪肚

,也会因为没有

豹尾

而不成其好文章,得不到高分。

阅卷老师衡量一篇文章的好坏,

首先是看其整体。

所以,

考生交给老师的无论如何也应是一

篇完整的作文。

5

语言和字数考试作文语言要规范准确,具有个性和活力。

不要文白夹杂

不要使用

别人看不懂的方言和词汇

少用长句多用短句

可引进部分时代新词汇,引用名言警句,引用

流行的通俗歌曲歌词,引用百姓口头民谣,但取向一定要积极向上,真正让语言亮起来。照

理说,

文章是表情达意的工具,

有话则长,

无话则短,

似乎不应有字数的限制。

但考试作文,

作为一种特殊形式的作文,

为了达到一定的考查目的,

并考虑到考试时间等因素,

一般对字

数都作了规定。

我们必须按照规定去做。

限最低字数的,

一定要写够数量或稍微超过

50

100

字才好。如果字数不足,虽然评分标准规定,不足字数的,每少

50

字扣

1

分,但实际情况

是,

字数不足往往被认为文章内容单薄,

分数很难上档次。

限最高字数的,

不要超过。

否则,

给人一种臃肿的感觉,再说,作文写得长,花的时间多,解答前面的题用的时间少,必定会

受到影响。

如果没有限最高字数,一般就是以作文纸为限,即要在作文纸格子内行文。

千万

不要自作多情,超出作文格子,以免出力不讨好。

6

书写和卷面近年高考作文评分标准中,

书写都占相当的比分。

一般不要求写得好看,

但要求书写整齐易辨认,

一笔一画清清楚楚,

不写草字。

标点符号书写也要规范,

特别是格

式要正确,句号、逗号、问号、叹号、顿号、分号不要出现在一行之首

引号、括号、书名

号前半不出现在一行之末,可以在这些符号后面挤着写一个字

引号、括号、书名号后一半

不出现在一行之首,

可以把这些符号挤在上一行之末。

省略号、

破折号占两个格,

不能断开,

写不下时挤在一行之末。

至于作文的卷面,正如人的容貌一样,给人的印象是重要的,

尤其

是高考作文,卷面整洁与否直接影响着阅卷老师的心理和情绪,书写工整,

卷面清洁,

让人

一看心中先喜三分,其结果是可想而知的。

7

检查与修改考试作文试题和其他试题一样,

做完后也需要认真检查

看有没有笔误

的错别字,

有没有不通顺的句子,有没有需要调整的内容。审查发现了错别字、错用了词语

一定要修改过来,对于句段该删的要删掉,该增的要增补,只是要改得清楚、整洁,使人一

目了然。不能因为修改而影响了卷面的整洁。

可靠的大神
超帅的蓝天
2026-05-01 17:58:14
从网上给你找的,看合适不?不合适的话再给你找.

Energy

Energy makes the world go, It is indispensible to both animal life and human life. We get heat energy from the food we eat, light energy from the sun and electricity from water. In the hot summer when there ia a power outage we feel all the more the need for electric energy which powers the electric fan md air-conditioner.There are different sources of energy. The rivers and streams are a good source for electrie energy. The san provides us with light, heat and electricity. There is also sound energy in the radio transformed from electric energy. The energy can be changed from one form to another. It can never be exhausted nor reproduced. It just goes on changing in cycles.It is important for us to make use of energy. Solar energy is being made to generate electricity, to cook and to bathe. Atomic energy is used in industry and aviation and many other fields. We are now doing our best to inake energy serve our people in every way possible

这是关于解决能源短缺的文章:

Energy shortage is a very serious problem in the world. Many people worry that energy resources on the earth will be exhausted if we use them in an unchecked way. This, most people agree, will cause serious problems and even crisis and jeopardize the survival of mankind .

On the one hand, most people agree that the problem can be solved in one way or another. One is to conserve and save our energy. Energy refers not only to coal, oil, or natural gases but also to goods, land and water, etc. Most countries have realized the wastefulness in their using of energy. They are trying to conserve energy. For example, some countries have a daylight saving system to use less electricity for lighting. Some cities have enforced water savers at public such as restrooms and bars. Some have enforced serious penalties on overuse of electricity, water, and farming land. By these means, people hope the drain on energy resources could be slowed down.

However, conservation alone cannot solve the problem. Another way, perhaps the best I think,, is to develop new energy resources. Obviously, no matter how hard we try to save energy resources and how abundant they are, we will use them up sooner or later. I think there are many energy resources that we can develop and utilize. We don%26rsquot have to depend only on the current conventional energy resources. There are many other energy resources that we can develop such as nuclear power, waterpower and solar power. These resources, if developed, can completely replace the conventional energy and thus solve the problem of energy shortage.

这是具体关于太阳能的并附翻译:

In general vacuum tube collectors are used in solar process heat systems. Another possibility is to use transparent insulated flatplate collectors. A critical point however, is that most of the common transparent insulating materials can not withstand hightemperatures because they consist of plastics. Thus, temperature resistive collector covers combining a high transmisivity with alow U-value are required. One possibility is to use capillaries made of glass instead of plastics.

Measurement results of collector efficiency and incident angle modifier will be presented as well as calculated energy gains forthree different collectors: a vacuum tube collector (Giordano Ind., France), a CPC vacuum tube collector (microthermEnergietechnik, Germany) and a new flat plate collector using glass capillary as transparent insulation (SET, Germany).

一般来说,太阳能热利用系统中都是采用真空管集热器。另一种则是采用透明绝热的平板集热器。然而由于普通透明绝热材料是由塑胶材料构成,一个关键问题就是不耐高温。因此,需要一种既耐高温又具有低传热系数的透明集热盖板,而使用由玻璃制成的毛细管替代塑胶材料则成为可能。

文章将提供集热器效率、附带的角度改变量以及3种不同类型集热器的得热量的测试数据。这3种集热器分别是某种真空管集热器;某种CPC真空管集热器;一种使用玻璃毛细管作为透明隔热材料的新型平板集热器。

炙热的心情
靓丽的小蝴蝶
2026-05-01 17:58:14
谈谈环保与科技

一、超越传统工业科技

人类有别于其它动物的特征之一,就是人类能创造和使用工具,还能用特殊的文字符号去解释自然。就是说,人类比其它动物更具有一种科技能力。借助这种能力,人类才能创造出大自然中本不存在的东西――人类文明。

科技在不断演化,人类文明也在不断演化。一万年前,在人口资源的压力下,人类由渔猎采集文明向传统农耕文明转型。传统农耕文明经历过两个阶段,第一个阶段是青铜时代,中国的商朝和西周王朝属青铜时代。第二个阶段是黑铁时代,春秋战国时期属黑铁时代。随着铁冶炼和铸造技术的普及,传统的意识形态和社会制度因适应不了新生产力的要求而开始崩溃。直到秦王朝于公元前221年统一中国,一个“铁农具+小农经济+君主官僚制+儒道法意识形态”的中华文明得以成型。农耕文明一万年以来虽有各种自然灾害和战争,但人类总的来说是稳定和安全的,因为当时的科技主流顺应了自然法则。传统的农耕文明对自然资源的利用能力是有限的,对大自然具有很强的依赖性,他们敬畏自然。中国四千年前的夏朝,规定春天不准砍伐树木,夏天不准捕鱼,不准捕杀幼兽和获取鸟蛋;三千年前的周朝,根据气候节令,严格规定了打猎、捕鸟、捕鱼、砍伐树木、烧荒的时间;二千年前的秦朝,禁止春天采集刚刚发芽的植物,禁止捕捉幼小的野兽,禁止毒杀鱼鳖。中国历朝历代,皆有对环境保护的明确法规与禁令。中国历代农民,都知道“取之于地用之于地”的道理,从土地上生产出来的桔杆,消费食物后的粪便,都作为农家肥再还到土地,保持了土地能量的循环使用,中国耕地经几千年而不退化。农民砍伐山林薪柴,也是控制在有限的范围内,使村庄周围的燃料能永续利用。中国人口的膨胀也带来了周期性战争,而周期性的战争又将人口压缩回到自然资源的边界之内。世上任何科技系统,都应该限定在一定的资源范围内,支撑起特定的人口和文明形态。中国传统农耕文明的科技,从来没超出人力畜力和铁制农具的范围。人们自觉地根据耕地、山林草泽和水的资源总量,来安排自己的生产和生活。由于形成了一整套独特的、自我调节的、可持续利用的生存智慧,中华民族和中华文明因此延绵至今。

西方近代以牛顿力学、纺纱机、蒸气机为代表的科技革命,使人类脱离农耕文明,迅速奔向了传统工业文明。与传统农耕文明相比,传统工业文明通过全新的科技手段开发了更多的矿产资源,集约化地利用了更多的土地和森林,带来了人类财富和人口总量的膨胀,形成了一个以扩大物质消费为根本导向的社会。仅上世纪100年来所消耗的能源总量就远远超过人类几千年消耗量的总和。传统工业文明大量开发、大量生产、大量消费、大量排污的生产和生活方式无限扩散,终于将全球性的生态危机逼了出来。人类终于深切感受到地球资源和环境的有限。所谓的现代化进程,就是将自然资源转化成可用财富的进程,所谓的现代化社会,就是人均资源消耗高、排污量大的社会。由于人口增加,由于物欲横流,由于工商业的发展需要,人均资源消耗量直线上升。以水为例,公元前每人每天耗水12升,中世纪约20至40升,18世纪增加到60升,而现在,发达国家的人均每天耗水量达500-600升。据有关材料统计,工业化国家每创造100美元的收入,约需要300公斤的自然资源,人均每年需要45000-85000公斤自然资源。中国如果要达到工业化国家的人均消耗水平,比如13亿中国人都将自行车换成汽车,那就不是2003年每天消耗546万桶石油的水平,而要变成每天消耗8100万桶,远远超过世界目前石油消耗总量,地球上有这么多资源供我们消耗吗?我们有能力对因此而产生的大量污染物进行无害化处理吗?

近年来中国经济的高速增长,是因为全面承袭了西方传统工业的发展模式,更是因为中国对本土能源的过度消耗。从1990年到2001年10年间,中国石油消费量增长100%(从1.18亿吨到2.35亿吨),天然气增长92%(从114亿立方米到277亿立方米),钢增长143%(从0.67亿吨到1.63亿吨),铜增长189%(从72. 9万吨到211万吨),铝增长380%(从72.4万吨到354.5万吨)、锌增长311%(从36.9万吨到152.3万吨)、十种有色金属增长276%(从217万吨到816万吨)。人们在为我国经济高速增长而兴奋的同时,往往会忘记这些成绩背后的资源消耗、垃圾成堆、环境污染和生态破坏。世界上的一切成功都是有成本的。有人算过,按目前的科技水平,中国的现代化需要有12个地球的资源来支撑。如果只有一个地球,我们也得把地球全部吃空才能现代化。道理再清楚不过,中国本来就人多地少,资源稀缺,而传统过时的工业科技却又偏偏指向了稀缺性和污染性资源,这种科技具有不可持续性。谁继续走传统工业文明之路,谁就走上了不可持续的发展之路。因此,我们必须探索新的、可持续的生态科技之路。

二、走向新的生态科技

在全球资源环境压力下,发达国家早已全力发展新能源和循环经济。我曾在《可持续发展与文明转型》一文中说,发达国家新能源的开发(氢能、太阳能、风能等清洁丰裕能源)和循环经济的发展(资源的循环可再生利用,零垃圾与零排放)正将人类文明推向一个新的转型阶段。谁最早转型成功,谁就是未来的主人。转型的关键在于探索“生态科技之路”。新能源和循环经济即是生态科技之路的核心。

从现有能源结构看,工业经济目前的化石燃料如石油、煤、天然气等都不能回收,燃烧后就消失了。更何况石油、天然气的储量仅够人类再使用40―50年。世界各国对此高度重视。美国一边在伊拉克打仗以保障石油的安全,一边全力发展新能源。今年初,美国总统布什在《国情咨文》中说:“我提议拨款12亿美元作为研究资金,使美国在制造无污染的氢燃料汽车方面领先全世界……我们的科学家和工程师们正在努力克服障碍,以便使这种汽车能早日从实验室走进商品展览室,而今天诞生的婴儿将会成为未来驾驶第一辆氢动力无污染汽车的人。请大家和我一起加入这个重要的创新行动,把我们的空气变得更加清洁,让我们的国家减少对其他国家能源的依赖。”布什要求在2040年用新能源替代石油进口。为什么偏偏要求到2040年呢?因为全球石油剩余可采储量仅为1400多亿吨,按目前产量,静态保障年限正好只有40年。如果没有发现新的大油田,到2040年时世界已没有石油供应美国。众所周知,美国人口只占世界5%,却消耗着世界能源总量的30%,但美国仍对自己的能源未来充满担扰而大张旗鼓地开发新能源,确令人深思。1980年,美国第一架太阳能飞机上天。1995年,美国政府颁发“绿色化学挑战奖”以鼓励绿色科技发明者。2002年,美国10辆太阳能驱动的汽车无声开动。过去的四年中,太阳能和风能连续以40%的速度增长。风力是世界上发展最快的能源,从1995年到2002年增长了6倍,从4800兆瓦特到31100兆瓦特。世界上现在的风力机组发电总量,已可满足4000万欧洲人的家庭需要。

从循环经济看,工业经济中的有些资源在使用过程中本身并不会消失,如铁、铜、铝等等。这样的资源只能通过发展循环经济来解决,使它们永远处于循环利用之中。几百年来,大量生产、大量消费、大量丢弃的传统工业发展模式,曾是实现经济增长最简单有效的方式。上世纪八九十年代以来,随着世界环境的恶化和环境运动的发展,随着资源成本的逐步攀升,逼使一些企业开始追求一种建立在清洁生产和废弃物综合利用基础上的经济发展模式,生产和生活中产生的各种废弃物都可经过处理后再以资源的形式重新进入生产流程。这便是循环经济。丹麦取缔了燃煤能源工厂和一次性饮料生产线,首都哥本哈根32%的交通使用自行车。日本的《家电循环法》,使上百万台旧家电变废为宝;《汽车循环法案》使几百万吨旧汽车变废为宝;《建设循环法》使几千万吨建设工地废弃物变废为宝。日本还计划到2010年把垃圾掩埋量将从现在的7400万吨/年减少到3700万吨/年,到2050年计划减少到370万吨/年,最终达到“零垃圾”目标。

我们同时也注意到,在欧美等发达国家,新能源和循环经济的技术皆有突破性进展,为什么迄今仍没有全面普及开来呢?这是由于传统能源与工业集团的阻挠,西方各政党受到强力制约。新能源和循环经济技术一旦普及,将对原有利益格局带来巨大冲击。具有讽刺意味的是,控制全球石油贸易的几大石油公司,尽管研制氢能与太阳能最有积极性,但他们为了现有的利益,将这些科研成果封锁在自己的试验室中,以知识产权的名义限制转让,特别是限制向发展中国家转让。他们既要占尽现有石油利益格局下的好处,又要为石油枯竭时代的到来而“未雨绸缪”。在最后一滴石油没有被用干以前,新能源技术就难以真正普及。当然,由于规模限制,新能源和循环经济技术产品的成本也很高,也是普及受阻的另一原因。因此说,新能源和循环经济的普及,已不是技术问题,而是制度和利益问题。但反过来说,别的国家发展新能源和循环经济早一天晚一天问题不大,惟独中国不成。因为中国的人口、资源、环境容量已到支撑的极限,可持续发展理念与新能源使用成为惟一可行之路。代价再高,成本再大,我们都得走。

集中资源干大事,正是社会主义制度的优越性。什么是中华民族长远的根本利益,我们要认清楚。面对眼前的能源和环境压力,我们少搞一些劳民伤财的形象工程,少修一些对生态不利的大坝,少建一些怨声载道的豪华办公楼,少投资些高耗能高污染的工业项目(如石油汽车),就可以积攒下办大事的钱。我们应充分发挥政府绿色引导和绿色控制的能力,打破一些权力部门和企业的垄断私利,将政府财政大规模投向新能源开发和循环经济,将政府的系列优惠政策去鼓励新能源开发与循环经济。在美国,每购买一辆使用新能源的汽车可减免联邦税2000美元;在丹麦,强有力的税收政策鼓励人们以风力发电。这便是我国未来绿色税收与绿色贷款的参照样本。新能源技术的使用,虽短期成本巨大,长期将占尽优势。政府应当积极支持那些走在生态科技前列的企业,使它们逐渐成为中国企业的主流,因为生态科技的主体是企业。政府还应当针对那些迫在眉捷的生态科技难题迅速推进,如绿色国民经济核算技术系统,如保障人体健康的污染防治技术,如大面积生态退化的修复技术,如区域污染治理的综合技术,如生态监测预警的科技系统等等。政府在抓好经济建设的同时,要更多地抓好公共事务管理;在抓好公共事务管理的同时,要抓一些关系国家民族未来成败的大事。这些大事,暂时无利可图但关系国计民生,是政府真正的义务。

中国本来就是在传统工业文明的迟到者。迟到就要挨打。1840年到1949年之间,中国受尽列强欺凌,内部也混乱不已。如今,我们不能在生态工业文明的路上再次落后,否则那心酸的大刀对火炮的历史仍会重演。试想,如果别人用的是太阳能飞机与氢能汽车,我们的飞机与汽车仍是用日趋枯竭而污染环境的石油,这样的国力如何与人家竞争?发达国家如果在能源结构和循环经济科技上取得根本性突破,从而决定放弃旧的工业经济科技转向全新的生态经济科技,那我们多年以极高环境成本所取得的经济成就统统将成为笑话。有人将传统工业文明称之为“从摇篮到坟墓的文明”,因为传统工业文明把自然这个生命摇篮变成了生命的坟墓。又有人将新出现的生态工业文明称之为“从坟墓到摇篮的文明”,因为它抛弃了与自然对抗的科技形式,采取了与自然和谐的科技形式,从而打开了更丰裕更和谐的时代。一定的科技系统,指向一定的资源范围。传统工业文明科技指向了稀缺、污染、不可持续的资源范围,而生态工业文明科技则指向丰裕、清洁、可永续利用的资源范围。围绕循环经济与新能源开发,构建中国的新伦理、新制度、新文化,使中国的生产方式、生活方式和社会管理方式日趋生态化,这才是我们中国未来真正可持续的现代化。为了对中华民族负责,为了对人类负责,为了环境保护与可持续发展,人类科技必须超越传统工业文明的科技模式,人类科技必须发展生态工业文明的科技模式。这是一项共同的事业,这是一项艰难的事业,我们这代人不得不承担起来。

回答者:w4136 - 助理 二级 1-2 16:34

保护生态环境,创设绿色校园

塘市小学 徐柏青

环保事业是我国的一项基本国策,少年儿童环保意识关系人类未来的前途,帮助他们从小树立可持续发展的观念是我们教育工作者义不容辞的责任。

进入二十一世纪,为了使环保教育有新的起色,在环境教育中做出应有的贡献,学校决定自加压力,创建绿色校园。2003年1月成立以校长为组长的创建绿色学校领导小组,并制定绿色学校创建计划,同时任命环保监督员负责实施创建计划。认真组织师生开展了有关环境教育的学习和活动,并认真进行收集、整理、保存资料,力求达到"徐州市绿色学校评估标准"。

培养少年儿童认识自然,珍惜资源,善待地球的环境意识和道德行为,帮助他们从小树立可持续发展观念是我们创建绿色学校的宗旨,保护生态环境建设绿色校园是我们的绿色行为。

一、创设良好的教育环境。

本着“处处有教育”的思想,利用春季大好时机,调整花木布局,搞好学校绿化、美化工作,创设文化氛围,使学生从中了解花木具有消除和抵抗污染的特性,增强学生自主学习的自觉性。制作宣传标语,规范师生绿色行为。严格执行检查监督制度,搞好环境保护工作,创设美丽清新的校园环境,形成环境教育氛围。

二、认真搞好环保培训工作。

为了使广大教师掌握环保知识,提高业务工作能力,更有效地对学生进行环保教育,学校领导组织教师开展有关环境教育学习和活动。不断提高教师的理论水平和环境教育能力。学校订阅了4份有关环境的报刊,为师生提供了学习资料。有利于教师搞好环境教育工作。

三、认真做好环境教育工作。

通过学校宣传栏、班级板报、广播语、国旗下讲话、班队会、家长会等,面向全体师生、学生家长及社会进行宣传教育,使绿色教育在家庭、社区扎根、开花、结果。

四、认真做好课内教育。

1、各学科认真进行渗透教育,把环保教育,寓于教学之中。教师能够着力挖掘教材中的环保素材,结合实际生活,做好环境教育工作。

2、认真上好环境教育课。学校每周二晨会课安排环保教育课程。教师能够做到三有:有教材、有计划、有备课,有考核。上好每一节环境教育课,使学生初步掌握环保知识,增强学生环保意识。

3、充分利用环保日,通过国旗下讲话对全体师生进行环保教育。要求每班每学期最少进行两次环境教育专题或渗透教育。

4、认真开展环保教育教学研究。每学期各年级教思品、自然、社会、环境教育、劳动的教师,认真开展"三个一"活动,写一篇教案,上一堂环境教育研讨课,总结经验,取长补短,不断提高自身的环境教育水平。

五、认真组织课外实践活动。

1、各班都以班为单位成立环保小组,都有相应的活动内容及辅导教师,能够定期搞好环保活动。

2、认真组织学生参加学校绿化、美化、净化校园劳动。积极开展“筑起一片绿色天地”活动。定期绿化除草,翻地松土,防涝抗旱,修剪花木等护绿活动。在净化校园方面,师生开展"身边无废物"活动,及时清除卫生死角,做到身边三无:无纸屑、无果皮、无包装物。

3、认真组织学生参加社区环保宣传、调查、监督活动。

(1)、组织学生对附近街道、村庄张贴宣传标语,宣传绿色行为。

(2)、组织学生对家乡的河进行水质调查,寻找污染源,并写出调查报告。

4、认真组织学生开展专题教育活动。

充分利用重大环保节日开展各种活动对师生进行环境教育,培养师生保护生态环境的光荣感、责任感、使命感。

(1)、3月12日,植树节。每年都要组织师生进行植树绿化劳动,调整花木布局。并开展“我与小树同成长,为家乡添新绿”和“节约零花钱,我为环保作贡献”等活动。

(2)、4月22日,地球日。少先队开展了"热爱我们的地球妈妈"的主题队会活动,并向全体师生宣讲“只有一个地球”教育活动,使广大师生进一步树立环保意识。

(3)、6月5日,环境日。少先队开展了保护环境的专题活动,并向全体师生宣讲环境保护是我国一项基本国策,使师生进一步明确环保的重要性与紧迫性。

(4)、9月11日-21日开展了“保护环境,热爱地球”的系列活动,使学生的环保意识更加浓厚。

5、进行垃圾分类处理。

开展回收废电池,减少污染,变废为宝,节约资源活动。

6、收集信息,整理资料。

组织师生查阅报刊,收集信息资料,了解环保信息,掌握环保知识,并制作小报,向社会宣传。

环境保护是一项长远而意义深刻的大事,是学校环境教育永恒的主题。我们将不懈地努力,持之以恒搞好环境教育工作,我们以“教育每个孩子,影响每个家庭,带动整个社会”为目的,为实现社会和环境的可持续发展做出应有的贡献。

自己再线翻译把

陶醉的朋友
个性的糖豆
2026-05-01 17:58:14
近二十年来,以振动为主要原因造成的恶性事故相继发生,给国家造成了巨大经济损失。而且,振动问题目前仍是新投运大机组不能按期并网、正常投运的主要原因,在机组正常运行期间,振动问题连续不断,影响到正常生产,经常出现机组减负荷和带病运行的情况,甚至使机组被迫停机处理,这些事故屡见不鲜。本系统基于LabVIEW虚拟仪器软件平台,对汽轮机振动信号进行读取加窗,并进行谱分析及自相关分析。LabVIEW虚拟仪器就是在以通用计算机为核心的硬件平台上,由用户设计定义、具有虚拟前面板、测试功能由测试软件实现的一种计算机仪器系统。本系统主要完成了对汽轮机振动信号进行读取,对信号进行矩形窗、汉宁窗、海明窗的加窗选择,然后分别进行信号的幅值谱、功率谱、相位谱分析及自相关分析,并且具有图形操作及显示界面。系统运行结果证明,本系统能够完成对信号的读取,并进行三种窗函数及各种分析的动态选择,并用图形显示结果。

Over the last 20 years, mainly due to the vibration caused by the fatal accidents occurred one after another, inflicting huge economic losses. Furthermore, the vibration is still new to large units shipped impossible grid, the normal operation for the main the crew during normal operations, continuous vibration problems affecting the normal production, Units often reduced load and operation of the sick, and even the unit was forced to stand, these incidents not uncommon. The system based on LabVIEW virtual instrument software platform for turbine vibration signal window read, and spectral analysis and correlation analysis. LabVIEW virtual instrument is a common core of computer hardware platform, defined by the user, with virtual front panel, the test function test software from a computer equipment system. The system completed the turbine vibration signal read, the signal rectangular window Hanning, Hamming window window choice, and then the signal amplitude spectrum, power spectrum and phase spectrum analysis and correlation analysis, and operating with graphics and display interface. The result of running the system proved that the system can accomplish the signal read, and three window function and the dynamic analysis of the various options and graphical display with the results.

专业前景 本专业以工程热物理学科为主要理论基础,以内燃机和正在发展中的其它新型动力机械及系统为研究对象,运用工程力学、机械工程学、自动控制、计算机、环境科学、微电子技术等学科的知识和内容,研究如何把燃料的化学能和液体的动能安全、高效、低(或无)污染地转换成动力的基本规律和过程,研究转换过程中的系统和设备的自动控制技术。随着常规能源的日渐短缺,人类环境保护意识的不断增强,节能、高效、降低或消除污染排放物、发展新能源及其它可再生能源成为本学科的重要任务,在能源、交通运输、汽车、船舶、电力、航空宇航工程、农业工程和环境科学等诸多领域获得越来越广泛的应用,在国民经济各部门发挥着越来越重要的作用。 培养目标 本专业方向培养具备热能与动力工程专业方面的基本理论、基本知识和基本技能,能在国民经济各部门从事热力发动机和其它新型动力机械及设备的设计、制造、管理、教学和科研等方面的高级工程技术人才。 培养特色 本专业在加强学生基础理论和综合素质教育的同时,加强计算机及自动控制技术的应用,强化专业实践教学,注重全能训练,全面提高学生的实践动手能力和科学研究潜力,使毕业生具有较强的择业竞争能力和较宽的就业适应能力。 主干课程 机械制图、机械原理、机械设计、理论力学、材料力学、工程材料、电工技术、电子技术、计算机软件基础、液压技术、液力传动、内燃机构造、内燃机原理、内燃机设计、内燃机试验、发动机电子技术、工程热力学、流体力学、传热学、自动控制理论、现代测试技术等。 就业方向 毕业后可从事能源与动力设备的行政管理、内燃机及新型动力设备的开发研制、内燃机排放控制、新能源利用、汽车工业、兵器工业、环保工业、交通运输业、船舶、电力、航空宇航工业等方面的工作。

The prospect of major works of the major hot in physics as the main theoretical basis to the internal combustion engine and the other is the development of new machinery and power systems for the study, the use of engineering mechanics, mechanical engineering, automation, computers, environmental science, microelectronics technology disciplines, such as content knowledge and to study how the chemical energy of fuel and liquid kinetic energy security, high-performance, low (or none) of pollution to the power into the basic law and the process of research in the conversion process of the automatic control systems and equipment technology . With the growing shortage of conventional energy, human the growing awareness of environmental protection, energy saving, high efficiency, reduce or eliminate polluting emissions, the development of new energy and other renewable sources of energy has become an important task for the subjects in the energy, transportation, automotive, ships, electricity, aviation aerospace engineering, agricultural engineering and environmental science in many fields such as access to more and more widely used, the department in the national economy is playing an increasingly important role. Cultivate cultivate goal with the direction of the major thermal power projects with the major aspects of the basic theory, basic knowledge and basic skills, to engage in various departments in the national economy and other heat engines power the new machinery and equipment design, manufacture, management, teaching and scientific research aspects of advanced engineering and technical personnel. Cultivate major characteristics of the students in strengthening the basic theory and the overall quality of education, to strengthen the computer and automatic control technology, and strengthen the teaching of professional practice, pay attention to all the training, students enhance the practice of comprehensive practical ability and scientific research potential, so that graduates have strong competitiveness and a wide choice of employment adaptability. Mechanical Drawing trunk curriculum, mechanical principles, mechanical design, theoretical mechanics, mechanics of materials, engineering materials, electrical technology, electronics technology, computer software foundation, hydraulic technology, hydraulic transmission, the internal combustion engine structure, the principle of internal combustion engines, internal combustion engine design, the internal combustion engine testing, engine electronic technology, engineering thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, heat transfer, automatic control theory, modern test technology. Employment after graduation can be engaged in the direction of energy and power equipment, administration, internal combustion engines and new development of power equipment, internal combustion engine emission control, new energy use, the auto industry, the weapons industry, industrial environmental protection, transport, shipping, electricity, air space industrial job.

Motor vehicles are not the only air polluters. Coal and oil, used to heat homes and factories and to generate electricity, contain small amounts of sulfur. When the fuels are burned, sulfur dioxide, a poisonous gas, is produced. It is irritating to the lungs. Some cities have passed laws that allow coal and oil to be burned only if their sulfur content is low.

汽车不是唯一的空气污染。煤炭和石油,用于家庭取暖和工厂,并产生电力,含有少量的硫。当燃料燃烧,二氧化硫,一种有毒气体,就产生了。它是刺激到肺部。一些城市已通过法律,允许煤炭和石油只有在其被烧毁硫含量低。

Most electricity is generated by steam turbines. About half of the sulfur dioxide in the air comes from burning fuel to make steam. Nuclear power plants do not burn fuel, so there is no air pollution of the ordinary kind. But the radioactive materials in these plants could present a danger in an accident. Also, there is a problem in disposing of the radioactive wastes in a way that will not endanger the environment.

大部分电力是由蒸汽涡轮机。关于空气中的二氧化硫,使蒸汽一半来自燃料燃烧。核电厂不烧燃料,所以不存在的那种普通的空气污染。但是,在这些植物的放射性物质可能会提出一个意外的危险。此外,还有一个在放射性废物处置的方式,不会危害环境的问题。

Another type of pollution, called thermal (heat) pollution, is caused by both the fuel-burning and nuclear plants. Both need huge amounts of cold water, which is warmed as it cools the steam. When it is returned to the river, the warm water may stimulate the growth of weeds. It may also kill fish and their eggs, or interfere with their growth.

另一种污染类型,称为热(热)污染,是造成双方的燃料燃烧和核电厂。双方都需要的冷水,这是温暖,因为它大量的蒸汽冷却。当返回到河边,温暖的水会刺激杂草生长。它也可以杀死鱼,它们的卵,或干扰他们的成长。

Physicists are studying new ways of generating electricity that may be less damaging to the environment. In the meantime, many power plants are being modernized to give off less polluting material. Also, engineers try to design and locate new power plants to do minimum damage to the environment.

物理学家们正在研究发电对环境损害较小的新方法。与此同时,许多发电厂也在实现现代化以减少污染物质。此外,工程师们尝试设计并找到对环境的损害最小的新的发电厂。

Thermal energy and power engineering

This program is to cultivate both master thermal energy and power engineering professional basic theoretical knowledge, computing skills, but also the ability in various forms of generating power plant, refrigeration and air conditioning, new energy related fields in need of economic management knowledge and ability, can be engaged in the electric power industry related to areas of science and technology application, research, development and management of a senior talents. According to the national construction and talents needs, set up the professional direction includes: thermal power engineering, power plant set control operation, refrigeration and air conditioning engineering, gas power engineering, advanced energy engineering etc.

Major courses: theoretical mechanics, mechanics of materials, engineering thermodynamics, engineering fluid mechanics, heat transfer, turbine principle, boiler principle, thermal power plants, the pump and fan, automatic control theory, motor learning, circuit theory, the control system, unit unit operation principle, thermal process detection technology, engineering graphics, mechanical design basis, electrician technical basis, electronic technology base, refrigeration and cryogenic principle, refrigeration compressor, refrigeration automation and testing technology, gas turbine principle, gas gas-steam combined cycle power plant, gas turbine combined-cyde operation and maintenance, nuclear reactor theoretical basis, nuclear system and the maintenance, the PWR nuclear power plant system and equipment, wind power generation principle, professional class.

Employment place to go: large-scale modernized electric power enterprise, power equipment manufacturing enterprises and energy class enterprise engaged in production, operation and management work, Government departments at all levels and institution engaged in energy, power, energy saving, environmental planning, design, construction, operation, consultation and supervision worketc. Research institutes, universities in energy and power related research and development, teaching, management, etc.

感动的大侠
大力的小白菜
2026-05-01 17:58:14
Computer aided design of an axial-field PM brushless DC motor for an electric vehicle, Concept of the “KAZ”, the Start of a New Generation in Car Design, Conceptual Design of Hybrid Electric Vehicle for Urban Use in China, Consumer Education - An Essential Element in the Acceptance of the Electric Vehicle, Control and Management Strategies for the Delphi High Power Lithium Battery, Control of a Continuously Operated Pole-Changing Induction Machine, Control of compact hybrid drive consisting of PM motor and planetary transmission CVT,Control of independent rear wheel drives for electric and hybrid vehicles using one neuro-fuzzy controller, Controller-induced parasitic torque ripples in a PM synchronous motor, Coordination of Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles, Coupled Electrochemical and Thermal Analysis of Electric-Vehicle Battery Modules, Current Activities of Standardisation in Japan, Current Status Report on U.S. Department of Energy Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Storage R&D Programs, Current-mode control for sensorless BDCM drive with intelligent commutation tuning, DaimlerChrysler EPIC Minivan Powered by Lithium-Ion Batteries, Design and analysis of a new multiphase polygonal-winding permanent-magnet brushless DC machine, Design and development of the 2001 Michigan Tech FutureTruck, a power-split hybrid electric vehicle, Design and development of the 2002 Comell University hybrid electric vehicle, Design and development of the 2002 Michigan Tech FutureTruck, a parallel hybrid electric vehicle, Design and development of the 2002 Penn State University parallel hybrid electric explorer, the Wattmuncher。

翻译

计算机辅助设计轴向场永磁无刷直流电动机的电动车,概念的“哈萨克斯坦” ,开始了新一代车设计,概念设计的混合动力电动车在城市中使用,消费者教育-一个基本要素接受电动车,控制和管理战略,德尔福高功率锂电池,控制不断操作变极异步电机,紧凑的控制组成的混合动力驱动永磁电机和行星传动无级变速器,控制独立后轮驱动的电动和混合动力车使用一个神经模糊控制器,控制器诱导寄生转矩脉动的永磁同步电机,协调收费站的电动车,加上电化学与热分析的电动汽车电池模块,当前的活动标准化在日本,目前状况的报告对美国能源部电力和混合动力电动汽车储能研发项目,电流模式控制传感器无刷直流电动机驱动器与智能折算调整,戴姆勒克莱斯勒史诗休旅本站由锂离子电池,设计与分析新的多相多边形绕组永磁无刷直流电机,设计和发展的2001年密歇根理工FutureTruck ,权力分割混合动力电动汽车,设计和发展的2002年康奈尔大学的混合动力电动汽车,设计和开发的技术在2002年密歇根州FutureTruck ,一个平行式混合动力电动汽车,设计和发展的2002年宾夕法尼亚州立大学并联式混合动力电动Explorer时, Wattmuncher