自吸泵（self priming pump）

自吸泵是指自吸式离心泵。由于自吸泵有特殊的结构，所以有较强的自吸能力，泵的吸入管路不需安装底阀，工作前只要保证泵体内储有定量引液即可工作。

自吸泵的工作原理是：水泵启动前先在泵壳内灌满水（或泵壳内自身存有水）。启动后叶轮高速旋转使叶轮槽道中的水流向涡壳，这时入口形成真空，使进水逆止门打开，吸入管内的空气进入泵内，并经叶轮槽道到达外缘。自吸泵属自吸式离心泵，它具有结构紧凑、操作方便、运行平稳、维护容易、效率高、寿命长，并有较强的自吸能力等优点。管路不需安装底阀，工作前只需保证泵体内储有定量引液即可。不同液体可采用不同材质自吸泵。

作用：

1、装上摇臂式喷头、又可将水冲到空中后，散成细小雨滴进行喷雾，是农场、苗圃、果园、菜园的良好机具。

2、适用于清水、海水及带有酸、碱度的化工介质液体和带有一般糊状的浆料（介质粘度<100厘珀、含固量可达30%以下）。

3、可和任何型号、规格的压滤机配套使用，将浆料送给压滤机时进行压滤的最理想配套泵种。

resources. 为了做到这点，采用新技术或脱离传统的解决方案都要求高度合格的设计资源。This includes both personnel and design tools. 这包括全体人员和设计工具。The ‘Regulation relating to design and outfitting of facilities etc. in the petroleum activities section 8, stipulates the following requirements concerning qualification and use of new technology and new methods: ‘Where the petroleum activities

involve use of new technology or new methods, criteria shall be prepared with regard to developments, testing and use in order to fulfil the requirements to health, environment and safety. 有关第8节中石油活动的设备等的设计和装备的规章，规定了涉及到新技术和新方法认证和使用的以下要求：“石油活动在什么地方涉及到采用新技术和新方法，应制定关于开发的准则，为了满足对健康、环境和安全要求的试验和使用”。The criteria shall be representative of the relevant operational conditions, and the technology or the methods shall be adapted to already accepted solutions. 这些准则应该是对相关工作条件有代表性的，而且这些技术与方法应该与已经被采纳的解决方案适应。Qualifications or testing shall demonstrate that applicable requirements can be fulfilled by use of the relevant new technology or new methods.’认证和试验应该证明，通过采用有关的新技术或新方法，适用的要求能够得到满足。

THE TECHNOLOGICALCHALLENGE

技术挑战

In a process plant there is a range of different components such as vessels with different kinds of inventory, different types of valves, pipes, tubing, pumps, turbines, heat exchangers, etc. 在一套工艺设备中，存在好多不同的部件，诸如带有不同种类存货的容器、不同类型的阀门、管道、管子、泵浦、涡轮机、热交换器等。All have their specific safety related aspects when exposed to fire. 当暴露于火灾中时，它们都有自己与各方面有关的安全性。The main safety issue when process equipment is exposed to fire is to prevent escalation of the accidental situation. 当工艺设备暴露于火灾中时的主要安全问题是防止事故情况的扩大。Fire in a process plant usually implies that an accident already has taken place. 在工艺设备中的火灾通常意味着事故已经发生。The purpose for the remaining process equipment is then to maintain integrity and moderate the effect of the accident. 于是对于其余设备来说的目的就是保持完整性和缓解事故的影响。Most materials will loose their strength as the temperature increases. 随着温度的上升，大多数材料将失去它们的强度。A logical strategy is then to reduce mechanical load on the equipment.于是，一个合乎逻辑的策略就是减轻设备上的机械负载。 Depressurization system is a well-known mean in the process industry and is normally a standard part of a process plant. 降压系统在加工工业中是一种众所周知的手段，而且通常是工艺设备中一个标准的部分。The aim of a blowdown system is to reduce the pressure inside the process equipment faster than the strength reduction due to heat exposure. 排放系统的目的是以比强度因热暴露而降低更快的速度，减小工艺设备内部的压力。As fire is most probably fed

from the process itself the purpose of the blowdown is also to reduce fuel supply to the fire. 由于火灾最有可能是从工艺本身馈给的，所以排放的目的也是减少对火灾的燃料供给。The challenge is to design the equipment and the system to have the required property. 其挑战是降设备和系统设计成具有所要求的性能。Figure 1 shows an overview of the physical processes that govern the blowdown process. 图1示出了支配排放过程的物理过程的概况。Assuming a fire, the heat exposure on the outside is dependent on convective and radiative heat transfer to the shell. 假设一次火灾，在外面的热暴露是与对外壳的对流热传导和辐射热传导有关的。The heat transfer to the outside is dependent on the flow situation around the shell and the emissivity and absorptivity properties of the shell material. 对外面的热传导与回绕外壳的气流情况，以及外壳材料的发射特性和吸收特性有关。The shell surface temperature is influenced by the conductivity of the shell material and the heat transfer inside the shell surface. 外壳的表面温度受到外壳材料导热性，以及外壳表面内部热传导的影响。As the inside shell surface is contact with both liquid and gas in addition to a splash zone, the heat transfer conditions are quite complex. 如果外壳表面的内部与液体和气体同时接触，再加上飞溅区，那么热传导条件就会十分复杂。Some standards reject heat transfer to the gas zone with the argument that the heat transfer coefficient to gas is significant less than to liquid. 某些标准根据气体热传导系数大大低于液体的论据不考虑向气体区的热传导。

问题补充：This is an erroneous argument for two reasons. At high pressure the heat transfer coefficient increase significantly. Even if less heat is transferred, the density of gas is significant less than liquid and

the temperature increase of the gas might be a main contributor to the pressure increase. 因为两个原因，这是一个错误的论据。在高压下，热传导系数大大增加。即使少量的热被传导，气体的密度也比液体明显要小，而气体温度的升高可能是压力升高的主要贡献者。

在术语上讲，齿轮泵也叫正排量装置，即像一个缸筒内的活塞，当一个齿进入另一个齿的流体空间时，液体就被机械性地挤排出来。因为液体是不可压缩的，所以液体和齿就不能在同一时间占据同一空间，这样，液体就被排除了。由于齿的不断啮合，这一现象就连续在发生，因而也就在泵的出口提供了一个连续排除量，泵每转一转，排出的量是一样的。随着驱动轴的不间断地旋转，泵也就不间断地排出流体。泵的流量直接与泵的转速有关。

实际上，在泵内有很少量的流体损失，这使泵的运行效率不能达到100％，因为这些流体被用来润滑轴承及齿轮两侧，而泵体也绝不可能无间隙配合，故不能使流体100％地从出口排出，所以少量的流体损失是必然的。然而泵还是可以良好地运行，对大多数挤出物料来说，仍可以达到93％～98％的效率。

对于粘度或密度在工艺中有变化的流体，这种泵不会受到太多影响。如果有一个阻尼器，比如在排出口侧放一个滤网或一个限制器，泵则会推动流体通过它们。如果这个阻尼器在工作中变化，亦即如果滤网变脏、堵塞了，或限制器的背压升高了，则泵仍将保持恒定的流量，直至达到装置中最弱的部件的机械极限(通常装有一个扭矩限制器)。

对于一台泵的转速，实际上是有限制的，这主要取决于工艺流体，如果传送的是油类，泵则能以很高的速度转动，但当流体是一种高粘度的聚合物熔体时，这种限制就会大幅度降低。

推动高粘流体进入吸入口一侧的两齿空间是非常重要的，如果这一空间没有填充满，则泵就不能排出准确的流量，所以PV值(压力×流速)也是另外一个限制因素，而且是一个工艺变量。由于这些限制，齿轮泵制造商将提供一系列产品，即不同的规格及排量(每转一周所排出的量)。这些泵将与具体的应用工艺相配合，以使系统能力及价格达到最优。

PEP－II泵的齿轮与轴共为一体，采用通体淬硬工艺，可获得更长的工作寿命。“D”型轴承结合了强制润滑机理，使聚合物经轴承表面，并返回到泵的进口侧，以确保旋转轴的有效润滑。这一特性减少了聚合物滞留并降解的可能性。精密加工的泵体可使“D”型轴承与齿轮轴精确配合，确保齿轮轴不偏心，以防齿轮磨损。Parkool密封结构与聚四氟唇型密封共同构成水冷密封。这种密封实际上并不接触轴的表面，它的密封原理是将聚合物冷却到半熔融状态而形成自密封。也可以采用Rheoseal密封，它在轴封内表上加工有反向螺旋槽，可使聚合物被反压回到进口。为便于安装，制造商设计了一个环形螺栓安装面，以使与其它设备的法兰安装相配合，这使得筒形法兰的制造更容易。

PEP－II齿轮泵带有与泵的规格相匹配的加热元件，可供用户选配，这可保证快速加温和热量控制。与泵体内加热方式不同，这些元件的损坏只限于一个板子上，与整个泵无关。

齿轮泵由一个独立的电机驱动，可有效地阻断上游的压力脉动及流量波动。在齿轮泵出口处的压力脉动可以控制在1％以内。在挤出生产线上采用一台齿轮泵，可以提高流量输出速度，减少物料在挤出机内的剪切及驻留时间，降低挤塑温度及压力脉动以提高生产率及产品质量。

The concept of gear pump is very simple, that it is two of the most basic form of the same size gear in a close co-operation of mutual engagement with the rotating shell, the shell's internal similar "8" shape, the two gears mounted inside , the diameter of gear and work closely with both sides and shell. From the extruder the material inhaled into the mouth of two intermediate gears, and full of the space, with the teeth along the shell of the rotary movement, the final two hours from the meshing teeth.

Speaking in terms of gear, also known as positive displacement pump device, that is, inside the cylinder like a piston, when a tooth to another tooth space of the fluid, the liquid was squeezed mechanically to row out. Because the liquid is incompressible, so the liquid and the tooth at the same time will not be able to occupy the same space, so that the liquid has been ruled out. Because of the constant mesh gear, this phenomenon occurs on a row and, therefore, the pump provides a continuous export to exclude the amount of a turn each pump, the volume of discharge is the same. With the continuous rotation of the driveshaft, pump fluid is continuously discharged. Pump flow directly to the speed of the pump.

In fact, there is little pump of the fluid loss, which makes the operation of pumps can not achieve 100% efficiency, as these fluids are used to on both sides of bearing and gear lubrication, and the pump body is also not possible with no gap, it can not be so that 100% of fluid discharged from the export, so a small amount of fluid loss is inevitable. However, a good pump can be run out of material for the majority, will still be able to achieve 93% ~ 98% efficiency.

For the viscosity or density change in the process fluid, the pump will not be affected too much. If there is a damper, for example, in the export side, one row or a limiter filter, pumps will push fluid through them. If the damper changes in their work, that is, if the filters become dirty, blocked, or limiter on the back of the hypertension, the pump will maintain a constant flow, until the device in the weakest parts of the mechanical limit (usually equipped with a torque limiter).

For a pump speed, in fact, there are restrictions, which mainly depends on the process fluid, if the transmission is oil, pump can rotate at high speed, but when the fluid is a high viscosity of the polymer melt, such restrictions will be significantly reduced.

Promote blood flow into the intake side of the two tooth space is very important, if not fill in this space is full, the pump will not be able to discharge the flow of accurate, so the value of PV (pressure × velocity) is also a limiting factor, and is a process variable. As a result of these restrictions, gear pump manufacturers will provide a range of products, that is, different specifications and emission (per week to the emission of volume). These pumps will fit the specific application of technology to enable the system to achieve optimal capacity and price.

PEP-II pump shaft gear and a total of one species hardened using technology, will be a longer working life. "D"-type bearing a combination of forced lubrication mechanism, so that the polymer surface by the bearing, and return to the import side of pump to ensure effective lubrication of the rotation axis. This feature reduces the degradation of polymers and the possibility of being stranded. Precision machining of the pump body can "D"-type gear shaft with precision bearings to ensure non-eccentric gear shaft to prevent gear wear. Structure and Parkool PTFE sealing lip sealed water-cooled sealed together. This shaft seal does not actually contact the surface, it is the principle of the sealing polymer to a semi-molten state cooling and the formation of self-sealing. Can also be used Rheoseal sealing, seal it inside the table are reverse spiral groove processing, the polymer can be imported back to the anti-pressure. In order to facilitate the installation, the manufacturer has designed the installation of a ring bolt, so that the flange and install other equipment line, which makes the manufacture of tube flange easier.

PEP-II with a gear pump with the pump to match the specifications of the heating elements for the user matching, which ensures rapid heating and heat control. Heating the body and pump in different ways, the damage to these components is limited to a board, the pump has nothing to do with the whole.

Gear pump by an independent motor drive, to be effective in blocking the upper reaches of the pressure pulsation and flow fluctuations. Gear pump in the outlet of the pressure fluctuation can be controlled within 1%. In the extrusion production line using a gear pump, can increase the output flow rate of material in the extruder to reduce the shear and residence time to reduce the extrusion temperature and pressure fluctuation in order to enhance productivity and product quality.

One of production wastewater

1.工业污水的治理方法

1of industrial wastewater treatment method

一种处理工业污水的方法，属于污水处理技术领域。其是将污水引往集水池，对集水池末尾一格调节pH，用一级溶气水泵提升到一级压力溶气罐，同时吸入空气和聚凝脱色剂，将在一级压力溶气罐内的一级饱和溶气水骤然释放到一级气浮池形成一级处理水；一级处理水溢入缓冲池，再在控制pH用二级溶气水泵将一级处理水提升至二级压力溶气罐内，同时吸入空气和聚凝脱色剂，将二级压力溶气罐内的二级饱和溶气水骤然释放到二级气浮池形成二级处理水并自溢至沉淀池沉淀后排放；一、二级气浮池中的浮泥入浮泥池，压滤成滤饼，滤液回引至集水池。本方法处理的工业污水的CODcr、脱色率、SS、BOD5的去除率分别为80～90％、95％、90％以上、75－80％，符合GB8978－1996一级水排放标准。沼气发电是集环保和节能于一体的能源综合利用新技术。它利用工业污水经厌氧发酵处理产生的沼气，驱动沼气发电机组发电，并可充分利用发电机组的余热用于沼气生产，使综合热效率达 80 ％左右，大大高于一般 30~40% 的发电效率，用户的经济效益显著是处理工业污水的好方法。

A kind of industrial sewage processing method, belonging to the technical field of sewage treatment. The sewage which leads to the sump for collecting tank, at the end of a regulator of pH, with a dissolved air pump to a pressure air dissolving tank, at the same time of inhaled air and coagulation decolourant, will be at the level of pressure dissolved air tank level within the saturated dissolved air water suddenly released into a flotation tank form a level of processing watera water spill into the buffer pool, and then in the control of pH two gas dissolved water pump level water level to the two pressure dissolved air tank, at the same time of inhaled air and coagulation decolourant, two stage pressure dissolved air tank two level within the saturated dissolved air water suddenly released into the two stage flotation tank to form the two stage of processing water and overflow to the sedimentation tank for sedimentation after dischargeone or two level in the flotation tank floating mud into the mud pool, filter into cake, leachate to lead to water collecting tank. The method for processing industrial wastewater decolorization rate of CODcr, SS, BOD5, the removal rates were 80~ 90%,95%,90%,7580%, consistent with the GB89781996level water discharge standard. Biogas power generation is a set of environmental protection and energy saving in one of the new technology of comprehensive utilization of energy. It uses industrial wastewater by anaerobic fermentation processing to produce biogas, biogas generator drive, and can make full use of the waste heat generator for the production of biogas, the integrated thermal efficiency of about 80%, significantly higher than the general 30 ~40% of the power generation efficiency, user's remarkable economic benefit is industrial sewage processing method.

2.农业污水的治理方法

2agricultural sewage treatment method

农业污水因为分布面广而分散，难于收集也难于治理，所以只能利用生物的作用将污染物去除，譬如将高密度的高效去污菌，直接投入污染水体，以达到净水的目的。

Agricultural wastewater because of wide distribution and dispersion, difficult to collect is difficult to control, so only use the biological role of the pollutant removal, such as high density efficient decontamination bacteria, directly into the contaminated water, in order to achieve the purpose of purifying water.

3.医疗污水的治理方法

3medical sewage treatment method

医院污水处理，通常包括一级处理和二级处理。一般地说，若处理后出水排入市政下水道，通常只进行一级处理；若处理后出水直接排入河道，则需进行一级处理和二级处理；对排放标准严的地区，为防止水体的富营养化，需进行除磷脱氮三级处理。对酸性废水、洗相废水、放射性污水等特殊的医院污水，应进行严格的收集和处理。有些地区为缓解供水紧张的矛盾，已进行医院污水的深度处理和循环利用。实际采用何种方式处理医院污水，应综合考虑污水的来源、污水的流向及当地的供水情况等多方面因素。另外，医院污水处理一个非常重要的方面，就是必须进行消毒处理，以杀灭各种病原微生物。

Hospital sewage treatment, usually including a stage and two stage treatment. Generally speaking, if the treated water is discharged to a municipal sewer, usually only primary treatmentif the treated water is discharged directly into the river, need to carry on a treatment and two stages of treatmentthe emission standard is strict region, in order to prevent the eutrophication of water bodies, need for nitrogen and phosphorus removal of three stages of treatment. The acidic waste water, washing wastewater, radioactive sewage and other special hospital sewage, should be carried out in strict collection and treatment. Some areas to alleviate the conflict of water supply, has been performed in hospital sewage advanced treatment and recycling. Practical ways to treat hospital sewage, should consider the sources of sewage, sewage flows and the local water supply and other factors. In addition, the hospital sewage treatment is a very important aspect, is must be disinfected, to kill various pathogenic microorganisms.

二·生活污水篇

Two of life sewage

1.农村生活污水治理方法

1rural domestic sewage treatment method

针对农村生活污水，可以进行以下处理：

For rural domestic sewage treatment, can be the following:

生活污水→化粪池→厌氧池→人工湿地（种植根系发达、喜湿、吸收能力强的美人蕉、水葱、菖蒲等植物）经“过滤”后排放的方法进行处理，主要适用于农村分散生活污水处理，建成后运行费用基本为零，使用寿命在10年以上。

Sewage and septic tank, anaerobic pond and artificial wetland ( planting developed root system, like wet, absorption ability of Canna, Shuicong, calamus plant ) by the" filter" emission method for processing, mainly for rural decentralized sewage treatment, after the completion of operation cost is zero, the use of life in 10years or above.

2.城市生活污水治理方法

2city sewage treatment method

针对城市生活污水，可以进行以下处理：

According to the city sewage, can be the following processing:

将城市生活污水输送到城市周围的农村，利用农村广阔的土地来净化城市生活污水。将是一劳永逸与一举多得的好方法。以日供应生活用自来水100W立方的大中型城市为例：普通的污水处理设施造价1000元/立方。建设成本10亿，年运营成本100W立方/天×365×0.5元/立方＝1.8亿.采用土壤净化法建设成本1000元/立方，年运营成本100W立方/天×365×0.1元/立方＝0.4亿. 同时年节约农用水资源3.6亿立方，节约化肥约1万吨/年，减少农药用量5吨/年，综合效益可观。

The city sewage transported to the city around the country, the use of rural broad land to purification of city sewage. Will be to put things right once and for all and too good method. In order to supply living water cubic 100W is large and medium-sized city for example: common sewage treatment facility cost 1000 yuan / cubic. 1000000000years of construction cost, operation cost of 100W cubic meters / day x 365x 0.5yuan / cubic = 180000000. Using soil decontamination method construction cost of1000 yuan / cubic meters, annual operation cost of 100W cubic meters / day x 365x 0.1yuan / cubic = 40000000. While saving agricultural water resource of 360000000 cubic meters, saving about 10000tons of chemical fertilizer, reduce pesticide consumption5 tons / year, integrated benefit is considerable.