郑州3515和漯河3515哪个是真的

参数太少无法计算实际扬程，但可以用欧拉方程估算它的理论扬程：

先求出叶轮的圆周速度u2。

u2=3.14*D*N/60，单位是为/秒

估算H=u2*u2/(2*9.8)，即估算扬程是多少米。

N=2950r/min,D=184mm时

u2=3.14*0.184*2950/60=28.4米/秒；

H=28.4*28.4/(2*9.81)=41米

经验证明与实际扬程有偏差，特别是多级泵，简直是差之毫厘谬之千里，因为有很多需要的参数没有考虑

Electrical &Mechanical Vocab 机电词汇

3-Car Unit 三车组

Absolute Block 绝对闭塞

Addressable Fire Monitor System 可寻址火灾监视系统

Air Break Switch 空断开关

Air Filter 空气过滤器

Aplha-Numeric 字数组

American Public Transit Association 美国大众运输协会

Amplitude Modulation 调幅

Angle of Inclination 倾斜角度

Apparatus Dew Point Temperature 设备露点温度

Approach Distance 接近距离

Approach Lock 接近锁定

ARC 电弧

Aspect 号志显示

Assembly 总成

Automatic Train Control (ATC) Dynamic 列车自动控制动态验收测试

Acceptance Tests 收测试

Automatic Train Protection (ATC)Speed Limit 列车自动保护速限

Audible Cab Indicator 驾驶室音响示警器

Audio Frequency Track Circuit 音频轨道电路

Automatic Block 自动闭塞

Automatic Fare Collection(AFC) System 自动收费系统

Automatic Gate 自动闸门

Automatic Sprinkle System 自动撒水系统

Automatic Ticket Issuing Machine (ATIM) 自动售票机

Back Contact 后(背)触点

Back Layering 回流层现象

Background Plate 背景板(灯示号志)

Ballast Impedance 道碴阻抗

Baseline 基准线

Battery/Electric Locomotive 电力电瓶双电源机车头

Bearing Detector 轴承侦测器

Berth 列车停车位

Blacklist 作废车票(黑名单)

Blocking 闭塞

Bogie Washer 转向架清洗设备

Bolster Bogie 有承梁转向架

Bolsterless Bogie 无承梁转向架

Bonus Last Ride 最后旅程优待

Bottom Runby 下行距离

Bulk Supply Substation (BSS) 主变电站

Buzzer 蜂鸣器

Cab 驾驶室

Cab Heater 驾驶室加温器

Cab Signal 驾驶室号志

Camera Singal 影像信号

Car Body 车体

Cash and Ticket Trolley 现金及车票手推车

Cash Counting and bagging Equipment 钱币计数及袋装设备

Channel 信道(频道)

Chimmey Effect 烟囱效应

Circuit Breaker 断路器

Civil Speed Limit 轨道速限

Clear (Free) 开通

Closed System 闭合式系统

Clsed Type Track Circuit 闭路式轨道电路

Closed-Loop Design Principle 闭路设计原理

Code 代码(编码)

Comb Plate 梳板

Comfort Chart 舒适图

Condenser 凝结器

Conflicting Routes 路径冲突

Console 控制抬

Cooling and Dehumidifying Coil 冷却除湿盘管

Cooling Tower 冷却塔

Corona 电晕

Correspondence Proving 照应确认

Coupler 连结器

Cowcatcher (Pilot) 排障器

Crossbond 跨接联轨线

Crosstalk 串音

Current Collecting Device 集电装置

Current Collecting Methods 集电方式

Damper 避震器

Dead Section 盲段

Deadman Feature 无人保护装置

Derailer 脱轨器

Design Condition 设计状态

Diese-Electric Locomotive 柴油电力机车头

Diese-Hydraulic Locomotive 柴油液动机车头

Disc Brake 碟式刹车

Distribution Panel Board 配电盘(箱)

Distribution Voltage 配电电压

Down-Time 故障时间(停机时间)

Downstream Boundary 下游闭塞界限

Dual Duct Air Condition System 双层风管式空调系统

Dye Penetrant Testing Equipment 染色探伤检查设备

E/O &O/E Converter 电/光转换器及光/电转换器

Effective Temperature 有效温度

Electrical Point Detector 电气转辙侦测器

Electro-Pneumatic Brake 气电煞车

Electromagnetic Compatibility 电磁兼容性

Electromagentic Interference (EMI) 电磁干扰

Emergency Re-railing Vehicle 紧急复轨车辆

Emergency Release Button 紧急开启按钮

Employee Passes 员工通行证

Encoder 编码器

Environmental Control System (ECS) 环境控制系统

Ergonomic Design 人体工学设计

Escalator 电扶梯

Facing Movement 对向行驶

Facing Switch (Point) Machine 对向转辙器

Factory Acceptance Tests 工厂验收测试

Fail-Safe 故障自趋安全

Fall-Back Control 候补控制

Fault Tolerance 缺失容许度

Filter 滤波器

Fire Pump 消防帮浦

Flange Lubricator 轮缘润滑器

Flat Steps 水平梯板

Flat Wagon 平台车

Fleeting 列车跟随

Following Move Capability 后续行车能力

Frequency-Modulated(FM) 调频

Full-2 Way Remote Control System 完全两线式遥控系统

Gangway 车间走道

Gantry Crane 门式吊车

Gas Insulated SwitchgeAr(GIS) 气体绝缘开关设备

Governor 调速机

Half Duplex 半双工

Halon Gas Flooding System 海龙灭火系统

Hand Winding 手动转输

Hand-Operated Switch (Point) Machine 手摇转辙器

Handrail (Escalatro) 电扶梯扶手

Harmonic Distortion 谐波失真(谐波畸变)

Headwall Unit 头�单元

Headway (System) 车间距

Heat Pipe Cooling 热管式冷却器

Heat Pump 热泵

Heat Sink Effect 热库效应

High Voltage Distribution Line and Subline 高压配电线及其分歧线

Hostler 调车控制盘

Hot Standby 自动式待命系统

Hustler 出发信号器

Idle Running Distance in Braking 刹车空驶距离

Idle Running Time in Braking 刹车空驶时间

Impedance Bond 阻抗联结器

Indication Locking 显示锁定

Inductor 电抗器

Input Filter 输入滤波器

Inside of Signal 号志机内方

Institute of Railway Signal Engineer (IRSE) 铁路号志工程师协会

Insulated Joint 绝缘接头

Intensity of Illumination 光照度

Interface 界面

Interlocking 联锁

Interlocking Signal 联锁号志

International Railway Union 国际铁路联合会

International Telegraph and Telephone

Consultative Committee (CCITT) 国际电报电话咨询委员会

Interrupter 断电器

Inverter 变流器

Jib Crane 旋臂吊车

Landslide Detector 坍方侦测器

Latch 闩锁

Latent Heat 潜槷

Lay-up 驻车

Leakage Cable 漏泄电缆

Line Controller 路线控制员

Linear Diffuser 线型出风口

Local Control Panel 现场控制盘

Log 运转记录(对数)

Look-Back Feature 顾后特性

Lubrication System 润滑系统

Magnetic Particle Testing Equipment 磁粉探伤检测器

Manual Controller 手动控制器

Modem 调制解调器

Modulation Solenoid Valve 调整电磁阀

Motor Car 动力车

Multiplexer 多任务器

Neutral Relay 中性电驿

Newel 搭乘口(栏干)

No-Fuse Breaker(NFB) 无熔丝开关

Noise Ratio 杂音比

Nonpolarized Relay 无极化电驿

Nonvital Function 非关键功能

Nozzle 喷咀

Occupied 占阻

Open System 开放式系统

Open Type Track Circuit 开放式轨道电路

Outside of Signal 号志机外方

Over-Ride 搁置

Overhead Travelling Crane 天车

Overlap 重迭

Overlap Locking 重迭锁定

Overrun 越限行驶

Overspeed Protection 超速保护

Paid Area/Unpaid Area 收费区/非收费区

Parking Brake 驻车刹车

Parts Washing Equipment 零件清洗设备

Passenger Agent Machine (PAM) 监票员售票机

Passenger Agent Office (PAO) 监票员办公室

Patron 乘客(旅客)

Penalty Stop 处分停车

Performance Level (PL) 功能等级

Pick-up 拾取

Pipe Threaders 管牙切削机

Pipe Threading Machine 电动管牙机

Pipe Vise 管用万力

Pipe Wrench 管子钳

Piston Action 活塞效应

Point Detection 转辙侦测

Positive Train Identification (PTI) 正确列车辨识

Possession Keyswitch 领轨权钥匙开关

Power Bond 电力搭接器

Power Pick-up Shoe 集电靴

Power Transmission/Distribution 输配电

Prevent Shunt 防止分流

Primary Suspension 主悬吊

Programmed Stop 计划停车

Propagation Signal (P-Signal) 传动信号

Proving of Opening of Switch (Point) Machine 查证转辙器张开状态

Public Address System (PA) 扩音系统

Radio Basic Station 无线电基地台

Rail-Road Vehicle 铁公路两用车

Reaction Time 反应时间

Receiver Coil 接收器线圈

Rechargeable Battery 充电式电池

Recovery Time 复原时间

Redundancy 复置装置

Refrigeration Ton (RT) 冷冻吨

Relay 电驿(继电器)

Reliability 可靠度

Relief Ventilation Shaft 释压通风井

Remote Control Device 遥控装置

Repeater 转发器(帮电器)

Reporting Number 报号

Resonance 谐振

Retrofit 修整

Ride Quality 乘车品质

Ripple 涟波

Route 路径

Route Locking 路径锁定

Safety Shoe 安全装置

Safety Speed (Limit) 安全速度(速限)

Schedule Speed 表定速度

Secondary Suspension 次悬吊

Selective Collective Control 选择性集合式控制

Semi-Permanent Coupler 半永久性连结器

Sensible Heat 显热

Service Wagon 工作台车

Shunt 分路(分流器)

Shunting Sensitivity 分流灵敏度(侦测灵敏度)

Side Bearer 转向架侧承

Signal 号志

Signal Bond 号志联结器

Signal Bridge 号志桥

Signal Lens 号志透镜

Signal Lever 号志闸柄

Signal-to-Noise Ratio 讯号对杂音比

Simplex 单工

Slide 滑动

Slip/Side Control System (ABS System) 抗滑装置

Soak Test 浸泡测试

Solid-State 固态

Speed Sensor 速度侦测器

Spin (Slip) 空转

Spin (Slip)/Slide Protection 空转/滑动保护

Standby Generator Sets 紧急发电机组

Standby 待命(备用)

Station Substation (SSS) 车站变电站

Step Signal 阶式信号

Stoke Rail 基本轨

Stored value Ticket Usage System 储值票使用系统

Stray Current 杂散电流

Submersible Pump 沈水泵

Surge 突波

Switch (Point) Machine 转辙器

Switch Circuit Controller 转辙电路控制器

Switch Rail (Point or Tongue Rail) 转辙轨

Synchronous 同步

System Integration Tests 系统整会测试

Train Line 同步控制线

Theoretical Capacity 理论运客量

Third Rail 第三轨

Ticket Container and Ticket Magazine 票箱及票匣

Tick Slot/Ticket Return Slot 车票插入口/车票取出口

Ticket Sorting and Issuing Equipment 车票分类及发售设备

Time Locking 时间锁定

Top Clearance 顶部间隙

Top Runby 上行距离

Track Circuit 轨道电路

Track Relay 轨道电驿

Traction Current 牵引电流

Traction Substation (TSS) 动力变电站

Traffic Locking 行车区间锁定

Trailable Switch Machine 挤开式转辙器

Trailing Moverment 背向行驶

Trailing Switch Machine 背向转辙器

Train Identification and Control Unit (TICU) 列车识别控制单元

Train Shunt Impedance 列车分流阻抗

Transfer Zone 转换区

Trap Circuit 陷阱式电路

Trip Stop 路边刹车杆

Tripping Circuit 跳脱电路

Tripping Current 跳脱电流

Truss 机架

Tunnel Ventilation Fan (TVF) 隧道通风扇

Turnback Time 换向时间

Turnout 道岔

Ultrasonic Testing Instrument 超音波检测仪器

Under Platform Exhaust System 月台下方排风系统

Underfloor Wheel Lathe 地下车轮车床

Unidirectional Antenna 单向天线

Up-Time 可使用时间

Upstream Boundary 上游闭塞界限

Variable Voltage Variable Frequency

Inverter (VVVF Inverter) 可变电压可变频率变流器

Vent Shaft 通风井

Ventilation 通风

Visual Display Unit (VDU) 视讯显示单元

Vital 关键(维生)

Vital Relay 关键电驿

Watchdog 监视器

Weather Proof Type 全天候型

Wedge Guard 楔形保护板

Well Wagon 井状台车

Wheel Press 车输压床

Working Point(WP) 基点

1.1 INTRODUCTION

With the constant development of China's economy, a high degree of information-based society, the new high-tech technology applied to all aspects of making intelligent has become a development trend. Tend to be intelligent automation system equipment from the start. In this paper, we present for the graduation project "intelligent small central air-conditioning," explained PLC control of Intelligent Design and central air-conditioning (Freezing Point) systems.

1.2 system and process Introduction

Is introduced as follows: We have this in the design, there are two central air-conditioning system, cooling water pump from the Big Three, three chilled water pump, a cooling tower fan, two chiller comprising two sets of major equipment such as refrigeration system (due to system Small, large power cooling towers, laboratories, etc., the system of the usual two sets of refrigeration system different from the two chiller only choose a cooling tower, approved by the calculation, this does not affect their performance) is one chiller Complete sets of equipment manufacturing plant supply. According to this design laboratory requirements, we selected the five full-2 * closed compressor chiller. It is based on general principles and laws of the air-conditioning, such as automatic control by the microprocessor. Chiller from the compressor, condenser and evaporator components. Compression of the refrigerant compressors, compressed into the refrigerator condenser, cooling water cooling, a liquid, precipitation heat away from the cooling water and cooling Tarja discharged into the atmosphere. Liquid refrigerant from the condenser into the evaporator evaporation absorb heat, chilled water cooling and chilled water fan coil absorbed into the cold air in the heat. This cycle of it, to bring out the indoor heat to reach the objective of reducing the ambient temperature. Therefore, the central air-conditioning refrigeration system for process control requirements:

(1) for the measurement of chilled water flow and return water temperature, thus calculate the actual air-conditioning cooling load, according to the actual cooling load chiller to determine the number of Taiwan Open, the best energy-saving status.

(2) the procedures for equipment linked: Start: cooling tower fan - cooling water pump - chilled water pumps - chiller. Stop: chiller - chilled water pumps - cooling water pump - the cooling tower fan. When one of the cooling water pump / chilled water pump failure, the backup cooling water pump / chilled water pump will automatically enter the workforce.

(3) measurement system for chilled water pipes to the pressure △ P = P1-P2 control of their bypass valve (TV) openings, to maintain the pressure.

(4) because we designed this lab aims to give students a more vivid image of the study and understanding of central air-conditioning system, so the design process, we will take into account the appropriate and important position to facilitate the installation of observation refrigeration Agent or the peep-flow situation.

1.3 PLC theory and application

Central air-conditioning refrigeration system control are three kinds of control: the early relay control systems, direct digital controller DDC and the PLC (PLC) control system. Relay control system because of the high failure rate, the system complicated, the obvious shortcomings of higher power has been gradually eliminated by the people, direct digital controller DDC Although there have been very intelligent in the development. However, due to DDC its own anti-jamming capability and step-by-step grade structure and the limitations of limiting the scope of its application. On the contrary, PLC control system with its reliable operation, use and maintenance are very convenient and anti-interference capability and high-speed network for the new structure of these significant advantages to gradually wide range of applications.

PLC is a computer in a family. In the last century after the invention of being, in machine tools, various lines of transportation machinery, power generation, chemical, and electronics industries of electrical control equipment has been widely used, early PLC, known as Programmable logic controller (Programmable Logic Controller), that is referred to as the PLC.

PLC is a powerful, reliable, easy maintenance, and so many advantages. The traditional relay circuit, it is difficult to achieve complex logic functions and the digital control, but also to achieve a certain amount of logic control not only the design cumbersome and difficult to upgrade and prone to failure, maintenance complex, now has been great Medium-control equipment abandoned by the system. The PLC is being widely used and have been gradually replaced the relay circuit logic control. With the leap in science and technology development, PLC also has been continuously improved and strong, while its functions and greatly exceeded the scope of control logic, such as communication and networking functions, such as self-diagnosis. So today we have such a device known as programmable logic controller, but we still referred to such devices used for PLC.

在有限时间中，K+ 不会被无限吸收，原因有三：

1、对于K+，其主动运输的方式有：H-H K+ 通道、Ca2+—K+通道、A 通道（与Na+相关），这些主动运输载体中都必须与其他离子或物质偶联才能完成K+的运输。所以只提供能量而不提供与K+主动运输偶联的物质，不足以使其相关运输蛋白形态变化，因此仍无法完成K+的主动运输。

2、主动运输需要载体蛋白，而细胞膜上的载体蛋白是有限的，这造成了在大量能量下，K+吸收仍会因为载体蛋白数的限制而呈现K+ 吸收饱和。

3、虽然主动运输是通过消耗ATP(主要是ATP)的化学能来实现逆化学梯度/电化学梯度转运的目的，表面上来看，是生命体以能量偶联方式对抗化学/热动力学定律，但是对于生物体而言，相对温和、与一切基础自然科学规律相差不多的状态才是最理想的生命状态。如果能量无限，K+无限进入胞质，会引起胞质中阳离子含量过高而相互排斥、阳离子与细胞内带负电基团结合等现象，破坏胞内结构，从而导致细胞瓦解。细胞已死，又何来主动运输？

细胞为了生存发展出的Na+-K+泵正是为了对抗这一问题（派出3个K+，吸收2个Na+），这正是生物对于极端情况的负反馈机制。